Pseudaelurus
| Pseudaelurus Temporal range: Miocene,
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| Pseudaelurus jawbone from the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Genus: | †Pseudaelurus Gervais, 1850 |
| Species | |
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Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately 20 to 8 million years ago. It is an ancestor of today's felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodont saber-tooths, and is a successor to Proailurus. It originated from Eurasia and was the first felid to reach North America, when it entered the continent at about 18.5 Ma ending a 'cat-gap' of 7 million years.[1][2] The slender proportions of the animal, together with its short, viverrid-like legs, suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees.[3]
Species and distribution
Europe
The first and most primitive species Pseudaelurus turnauensis (=Pseudaelurus transitorius) from the early Miocene was about the size of a domestic cat and probably evolved directly from the Oligocene Proailurus. The European Pseudaelurus turnauensis gave rise to additional species. Pseudaelurus lorteti was lynx-sized and the even larger Pseudaelurus quadridentatus weighed about 30 kg and was approximately the size of a cougar. The latter showed a trend towards slightly enlarged upper canines, indicating that it may have given rise to the later saber-toothed machairodontines. Unexpectedly, the early Pseudaelurus turnauensis survived until 8 million years ago, at which time it is recorded in Germany, whereas the more derived Pseudaelurus lorteti and Pseudaelurus quadridentatus died out 2 million years earlier.[4] A fourth European species is described as Pseudaelurus romieviensis, smaller than P. quadridentatus but larger than P. lorteti.[2]
Asia
P. turnauensis is also recorded in Saudi Arabia from the early Miocene. P. lorteti is also recognized from the middle Miocene of Asia (Jiangsu, China), where two additional species, Pseudaelurus guangheensis from the middle Miocene of Gansu (China) and Pseudaelurus cuspidatus from the middle Miocene of Xinjiang (China) are reported.[2]
North America
Pseudaelurus intrepidus from the Early to Late Barstovian of North America was a relatively large species, overlapping in size with the European P. quadridentatus. A second large North American species from the Early and Late Barstovian was Pseudaelurus marshi. Pseudaelurus stouti (originally described as Lynx stouti) also from the Early and Late Barstovian was a very small and slender form of the genus. Pseudaelurus aeluroides with only a type specimen from Early Barstovian from Nebraska is not well studied, but may be conspecific with P. marshi. A species Pseudaelurus validus, from the late Hemingfordian of New Mexico was described in 2001. This species overlaps in size with P. intrepidus, P. marshi and P. quadridentatus.[5] Recently (2003) an additional North American species Pseudaelurus skinneri from the Late Hemingfordian of Nebraska was described. This species is smaller than P. validus and overlaps in size with the Eurasian species P. lorteti, P. cuspidatus and p. guangheensis.[2]
Evolutionary significance
.svg)
, Pseudaelurus; 
, Styriofelis; 
, Hyperailurictis; 
: now assignd to Afrosmilus within the family Barbourofelidae.Traditionally all the Pseudaelurus species from Europe, Asia and North America have been assigned to a single genus, even though the paraphyletic nature of the group has often being noted and several authorities have split Pseudaelurus into separate genera or subgenera, including Hyperailurictis, Styriofelis, Miopanthera and Schizailurus (see Werdelin et al 2010).[7] Pseudaelurus thus represents an evolutionary grade, with several different subgroups containing the ancestors to later felids.
Werdelin el al (2010) suggested dividing Pseudaelurus to represent three separate lineages, each giving rise to a different descendant group of felids. The North American species were assigned to Hyperailurictis, which is ancestral to the North American genus Nimravides. Three European species – P. turnauensis, P. loreti, P. romieviensis – were assigned to Styriofelis (junior synonyms Miopanthera and Schizailurus), which forms the sister taxon to all modern felids, the Felinae sensu lato (i.e. including the pantherine cats). The remaining Eurasian Pseudaelurus species form a sister group to the sabre-toothed cats, the Machairodontinae.
Taxonomic history
The history of the taxonomy is summarised in the following table.
| Species | Authority | Type locality | Status and notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| †P. quadridentatus | de Blainville 1843 | Type species. Originally described as Felis quadridentata; assigned to Pseudaelurus by Gervais 1850. | |
| †P. intrepidus | Leidy 1858[8] | Described as Felis (Pseudaelurus) intrepidus? Considered type species of Hyperailurictis by Kretzoi (1929b)[9] and reassigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. edwardsi | Filhol 1872 | Quercy Phosphorites Formation | Recombined as Eofelis edwardsii by Peigné (2000)[10] |
| †P. turnauensis | Hoernes 1882 | Includes P. transitorius. Considered type species of Styriofelis by Kretzoi (1929a);[11] assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. lorteti | Gaillard 1899 | Considered type species of Miopanthera by Kretzoi (1938)[12] and type species of Schizailurus by Viret (1951); assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. africanus | Andrews 1914 | Karungu (Kenya) | Assigned to Metailurus africanus[13] or Afrosmilus africanus[14] |
| †P. marshi | Thorpe 1922[15] | Mouth of Minnechaduza Creek (Nebraska, USA) | Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] |
| †P. romieviensis | Roman and Viret 1934 | Assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. pedionomus | Macdonald 1948a[16] | Cherry County, Nebraska | Assigned to Nimravides (Beaumont, 1990).[17] |
| †P. thinobates | Macdonald 1948b[18] | Black Hawk Ranch, California | Made type species of Nimravides (Kitt, 1958)[19] |
| †P. aeluroides | Macdonald 1954[20] | Northeast rim of Sinclair Draw, Sioux County (Nebraska, USA) | Probably be synonymous with P. marshi or H. marshi.[21] |
| †P. hibbardi | Dalquest 1969[22] | Coffee Ranch, Texas | Now assigned to Nimravides (?). |
| †P. stouti | Schultz and Martin 1972[23] | Described as Lynx stouti; assigned to P. stouti;[24] assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. guangheensis | Cao et al. 1990 | ||
| †P. cuspidatus | Wang et al. 1998 | ||
| †P. validus | Rothwell 2001[25] | Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †P. skinneri | Rothwell 2003[21] | Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[7] | |
| †"P." vallesiensis | Salesa et al. 2012[26] | Batallones-1 and Batallones-3, Spain | Described as Styriofelis vallesiensis |
Phylogeny and evolutionary developments
The following cladogram is based on Piras et al (2013)[27] and illustrates the three more derived lineages that evolved from "Pseudaelurus" species
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Footnotes
- ^ Tedford et al. 1987
- ^ a b c d Rothwell 2003
- ^ Turner 1997
- ^ Augusti 2002
- ^ Rothwell 2001
- ^ "Pseudaelurus". paleobiodb.org. The data were downloaded from the Paleobiology Database on June 27, 2017 using the taxon name 'Pseudaelurus'. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Werdelin, L; O'Brien, S.J.; Johnson, W.E.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" (PDF). In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ J. Leidy. 1858. Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrata, from the Valley of the Niobrara River, Collected during the Exploring Expedition of 1857, in Nebraska, under the Command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Expedition. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10:15-89
- ^ Kretzoi 1929. Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen. Int Cong Zool Budapest, 10 1929: pp. 1293-1355
- ^ Peigné, S. (2000). "A new species of Eofelis (Carnivora: Nimravidae) from the Phosphorites of Quercy, France". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science. 330(9): 653–658.
- ^ Kretzoi, M. (1929). Feliden-Studien. A Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet Hazinyomdaja, 24: 1-22.
- ^ Kretzoi M (1938) Die Raubtiere von Gombaszög nebst einer Übersicht der Gesamtfauna. Ann Mus Nat Hungar 31: 88–157
- ^ unknown
- ^ J. Morales, M. Pickford, and M. J. Salesa. 2008. Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia 20:291-310
- ^ M. R. Thorpe. 1922. Some Tertiary Carnivora in the Marsh collection, with descriptions of new forms. American Journal of Science 3(18):423-455
- ^ J. R. Macdonald. 1948. A new species of Pseudaelurus from the Lower Pliocene of Nebraska. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 28(2):45-52
- ^ Beaumont, G. 1990. Contribution à l'étude du genre Nimravides Kitts (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). L'espèce N. pedionomus (Macdonald). Archives des Sciences, Genève 43:125–157.
- ^ Macdonald, J.R. 1948b. The Pliocene carnivores of the Black Hawk Ranch fauna. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 28: 53–80.
- ^ D. B. Kitts. 1958. Nimravides, a New Genus of Felidae from the Pliocene of California, Texas and Oklahoma. Journal of Mammalogy 39(3):368-375
- ^ J. R. Macdonald. 1954. A new Pseudaelurus from the lower Snake Creek fauna of Nebraska. Journal of Paleontology 28(1):67-69
- ^ a b Rothwell, T. (2003). "Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)". American Museum novitates. 3403: 1–64. ISSN 0003-0082.
- ^ W. W. Dalquest. 1969. Pliocene carnivores of the Coffee Ranch. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 15:1-43
- ^ C. B. Schultz and L. D. Martin. 1972. Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum 9(7)
- ^ T. Rothwell. 2003. Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae). American Museum Novitates 3403:1-64
- ^ T. M. Rothwell. 2001. A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico. American Museum Novitates 3342:1-31
- ^ Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2012). "Systematics and phylogeny of the small felines (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene of Europe: a new species of Felinae from the Vallesian of Batallones (MN 10, Madrid, Spain)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.566584. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ^ Piras, P.; Maiorino, L.; Teresi, L.; Meloro, C.; Lucci, F.; Kotsakis, T.; Raia, P. (2013). "Bite of the Cats: Relationships between Functional Integration and Mechanical Performance as Revealed by Mandible Geometry". Systematic Biology. 62 (6): 878–900. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt053. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 23925509.
References
- Augusti, Jordi (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11640-3.
- Christiansen, Per (2008). "Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters". Cladistics. 24 (6): 977. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x.
- Gervais, Paul (1850). "Zoologie et paléontologie françaises. Nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vertébrés dont on trouve les ossements enfouis dans les sol de le France et sur leur comparaison avec les espèces propres aux autres regions du globe". Zoologie et Paléontologie Françaises. 8: 1–271.
- Rothwell, Tom (2001). "A partial skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico". American Museum Novitates. 3342: 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)342<0001:APSOPC>2.0.CO;2. uri:http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2895.
- Rothwell, Tom (2003). "Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)". American Museum Novitates. 2403: 1–64. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2.
- Tedford, R. H.; Galusha, T.; Skinner, M. F.; Taylor, B. E.; Fields, R. W.; Macdonald, J. R.; Rensberger, J. M.; Webb, S. D.; and Whistler, D.P. (1987). "Faunal succession and biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (late Oligocene through earliest Pliocene epochs) in North America". in Woodburne, M. O. Cenozoic mammals of North America: Geochronology and biostratigraphy. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 153–210. ISBN 0-520-05392-3.
- Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10228-3.