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Pycnodontiformes

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Pycnodontiformes
Temporal range: Late Triassic–Eocene
Gyrodus hexagonus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Order: †Pycnodontiformes
Berg, 1937
Families
(see text)
Wikispecies has information related to Pycnodontiformes.

Pycnodontiformes is an extinct order of primarily marine bony fish. The group first appeared during the Late Triassic and disappeared during the Eocene. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America.[1] They were small to middle-sized fish, generally with laterally-compressed deep bodies, some with almost circular outlines,[2] adapted for manuverability in reef-like environments. The group was morphologically diverse containing forms such the very short but deep Gebrayelichthyidae and the horned Ichthyoceros, both from the early Late Cretaceous of Lebanon.[3] Most, but not all members of the groups had jaws with round and flattened teeth,[4] well adapted to crush food items (durophagy), such as echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs.[3] Some pyncodontiformes developed piranha like teeth used for eating flesh.[5][6] Most species inhabited shallow marine reef environments, while a handful of species lived in freshwater or brackish conditions. While rare during the Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic, Pycnodontiformes became abundant and diverse during the Late Jurassic, remaining diverse until a burst of diversification at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous, after which they began to gradually decline, with a more sudden decline at the end of the Cretaceous due to the collapse of reef ecosystems, finally becoming extinct during the Eocene.[3]

Taxonomy

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References

  1. ^ "Pycnodontiformes". Palaeos vertebrates. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  2. ^ "Pycnodontid fishes from the Kansas Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Cawley, John J.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2021). "Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1769–1796. doi:10.1002/ece3.7168. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7882952. PMID 33614003.
  4. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.
  5. ^ Kölbl-Ebert, Martina; Ebert, Martin; Bellwood, David R.; Schulbert, Christian (2018-11-05). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.
  6. ^ Vullo, Romain; Cavin, Lionel; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Jourani, Essaid; Khaldoune, Fatima; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2017-07-28). "A unique Cretaceous–Paleogene lineage of piranha-jawed pycnodont fishes". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6802. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06792-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5533729. PMID 28754956.
  7. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
  8. ^ van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ a b L. Taverne; L. Capasso (2014). "Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres". Palaeontos. 25. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  10. ^ Cooper, Samuel L.A.; Martill, David M. (August 2020). "A diverse assemblage of pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the mid-Cretaceous, continental Kem Kem Group of south-east Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 112: 104456. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104456.
  11. ^ Cooper, S.L.A. and Martill, D.M. (2020). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco" Cretaceous Research 116, 104607
    • Capasso, Luigi (2021). "Pycnodonts: An overwiew and new insights in the Pycnodontomorpha Nursall, 2010". Occasional Paper of the University Museum of Chieti, Monographic Publication, 1: 1-223.

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

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