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Qays ibn Makshuh

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Qays ibn Makshuh al-Muradi
قيس بن المكشوح المرادي
Nickname(s)Abu Shaddad
BornUnknown
Yemen
AllegianceRashidun Caliphate.
Service / branchRashidun army
Battles / warsRidda Wars
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Persia

Qays ibn Makshuh al-Muradi (Arabic: قيس بن المكشوح المرادي), or also known as Qays ibn Hubayrah; was a companion of Muhammad. He converted to Islam during the life of Muhammad. He later rebelled during Ridda Wars after the killing of Al-Aswad al-Ansi, only to be defeated by Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl.

Qays was later pardoned by first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr and participated in the Muslim conquest of Persia and Muslim conquest of the Levant.

Biography

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Qays ibn Mashuh al-Muradi hailed from Murad tribe as son of Makshuh, or originally named Hubayrah ibn Abd Yaghut bin Al-Ghazil bin Salamah, the son of Bada’ ibn Amr az Zahir bin Murad.[1][2][3][4] The father of Qays was the chief of Murad tribe and nicknamed al-Makshuh because he had a complaint in his flank resulting from a fire.[5][1] There are confusion about his name, which sometimes appears in records as Qays ibn Hubayra "al-Makshuh,” or Qays ibn 'Abd Yaghuth ibn Makshuh, or simply Qays ibn al-Makshfih.[6] Qays ibn Makshuh were also a nephew of Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, a renowned warrior from Zubaid clan of Yemen.[7]

Later, when there is a news about a Quraysh man named Muhammad preaching an Islam religion in Arabia, Amr urging Qays ibn Maksuh to go with him to check whether it is true Muhammad claim as prophet, which Qays rejected.[8] Then in turn, Amr go by himself to meet Muhammad, which impressed him and prompted him to convert to Islam as he meet the latter.[8]

Ridda Wars

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During the great Ridda Wars, The false prophet Al-Aswad al-Ansi succumbed to a palace conspiracy, as Yemeni leaders, such as Dhu Zulaim, Dhu al-Kala, and Dhu Murran withheld their support from Aswad.[9] When the tribes of Najran broke away and reinstate treaty with Medina, Aswad lost significant support.[9] This weakness allow Qays ibn Makshuh and Persian garrison led by Fayruz al-Daylami in San'a to mount conspiracy operation[9] The operation finally managed brought down Aswad and reaffirmed the caliphate control of the area.[9]

The threat to the authority of Medina, however, was renewed in the person of Qais ibn Makshuh himself, as he felt slighted when Abu Bakr confirmed Fairuz as administrator of Yemen.[9] Meanwhile, another source suggested [10] Qays rebelled along with Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib as both conspired to kill three caliphate deputies in Yemen.[11][12] A caliphate commander Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya lead the Al-Abna' opposing Qays.[13] Ultimately, the forces of Qays and Amr were defeated by the force of Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl.[11]

Muslim conquests

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Main articles: Military conquests of Umar's era and Umar
Map of the borders on the onset of Muslim early conquest.

After Ridda wars, Qays mobilizing his own wealth and led the soldiers from Yemen that came to Medina to participate in early Muslim conquests.[9] On the onset of the famous battle of Yarmuk in 636 AD, around 3,000 cavalry reinforcements were sent to the Muslim conquest of Syria front, including those from Yemen which led by Qays ibn Makshuh.[14]

During the first day Battle of Beisan (634), Khalid bin Al-Walid comes out at the front of the army in other skirmishes with the front of the Roman army in 1,500 cavalry, dividing his army into three sections which he led the center while the right wing led by Qays ibn Maqshuh and the left wing was led by Maysara ibn Masruq.[15] One of the Byzantine battalion advanced but repelled by Qays, causing both sides to return as the clash casualties were minimal.[15] On the final stage of the battle, the Rashidun cavalry immediately formed their battle formation with Qays on the left and Maysara on the center and facing their chasing enemies.[16] As the entire cavalry under Qays, Khaled, and Maysarah has engaged the vanguard of the Byzantine the incoming additional Rashidun forces under Muadh ibn Jabal, Sa'id ibn Zayd, and Hashim ibn Utbah approaching them.[16] Muadh immediately reinforcing Maysara behind his cavalry forces, while Sa'id and Hashim also reinforcing him from different sides.[16] As the battle ended at night, almost the whole 80,000 soldiers of Byzantine under Saqlar were slain, while the Rashidun forces suffered several hundreds of casualties.[16]

Qays participated in the battle of Yarmuk.[17] In the battle of al-Yarmuk, Khalid ibn al-Walid appoint Qays al-Makshuh as commander of the cavalry on the left wing rear.[18] However, al-Ash‘ath ibn Qays, Hashim ibn Utbah, and Qays ibn Makshuh, each lost an eye during this battle.[19]

It is said that during the conquest of Persia Qays had duelled against two Persian commanders, each commanding 10,000 and won against both, where this accident then reported to the caliph.[20] Ibn Hisham has reported the warning of Amr towards Qays ibn Makshuh, as Qays has threatened Salman ibn Rabia al-Bahili, administrator of the caliphate stable and Hima(camels massive breeding livestock in Nejd), which responded by Amr who reprimanded Qays from threatening Salman with advising poet to beware of such prideful attitude while reminding him the fate of the strength of the powerful ʿĀd peoples which preceding them does not helping them to avert disaster from them.[21]

Later, caliph Abu Bakar asking Qays about how will he fight the Persians, which replied by Qays:

"If you and your majesty are still alive, someone will tell you about me, how I protect the Muslims and how far I have fought against the disbelievers."[20]

Later, Amr participated in the battle of Jalula, where he reported to played important role during this battle along with al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, Hijr ibn 'Adi, and Qays ibn Maksuh.[22] At night, Al-Qa'qa brings a number of elite cavalry to they reached the door of the ditch.[23] Among these horsemen are veterans such as Amr, Tulayha, Qays ibn Maksuh and Hijr ibn Adi along with several Zubaidi clan horsemen.[23] As the battle started According to firsthand witness named Muhaffiz, al Qa'qa units including Amr and the others managed to slip inside the trench between Jalula fortress and the still engaging Sassanid army, capturing the said trench while the main army of Sassanid under command of Khurrazad still busy fight the Rashidun main forces.[24] This act caused panic among the Sassanids as they began retreating, while the Rashidun forces, noticing al-Qa'qa and his units has penetrated and taking position on the trench behind the Sassanid army.[24] It is said the entire battlefield were scattered by corpses of the Sassanid army, thus became the name of the area and this historical battlefield as "Jalula" (dead bodies scattered around).[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b "تاريخ مدينة دمشق | 5774 ـ قيظي بن قيس بن لوذان بن ثعلبة بن عدي بن مجدعة بن حارثة بن الحارث ابن الخزرج بن عمرو وهو النبت بن مالك بن الأوس الأنصاري الأوسي". books.rafed.net. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  2. ^ "الطبقات الكبرى - ط العلميه - ابن سعد كاتب الواقدي - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت". lib.eshia.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  3. ^ Al-Jahaifi, Ahmed (10 August 2020). "مراد: قرن مذحج الذي أسقط امبراطوية الفرس" [Murad: Madhhij's horn that overthrew the Persian Empire]. Yemeres. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  4. ^ al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. "الإصابة‏ في تمييز الصحابة". al-Eman (in Arabic). Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  5. ^ Tabari, Ibn Jarir; Landau-Tasseron, Ella (2015). Landau-Tasseron, Ella (ed.). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 39 Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors: Al-Tabari's Supplement to His History (ebook). Translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron. State University of New York Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781438409986. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  6. ^ Tabari, Ibn Jarir; Yahya Blankinship, Khalid (2015). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 11 The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13 (ebook) (general history). State University of New York Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780791496848. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Baladhuri, Futfih, 105—6; Ibn al-Athir, Kamil, II, 337
  7. ^ al-Sufyani, Khalid (2007). "عمرو بن معد يكرب الزبيديفارس اليمن وشاعرها". Yemeress.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  8. ^ a b Ibn Hisham, Abd al Malik; Nurdin, Ali (2019). Sirah Nabawiyah-Ibnu Hisyam (ebook) (in Indonesian). Translated by Ikhlas Hikmatiar. Qisthi Press. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Ibrahim, Mahmood (2011). Merchant Capital and Islam (ebook) (history). University of Texas Press. pp. 107–108, 164. ISBN 9780292741188. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  10. ^ Ahmad Shameem (2014). The Fascinating Story of Muhammad (paperback) (Religion / Islam / General, Islam -- History, Qurʼan). Author solutions. p. 313. ISBN 9781491889008. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  11. ^ a b al-Kabi, Zuhair. ❞ كتاب موسوعة خلفاء المسلمين ❝ ⏤ زهير الكبي (in Arabic). Dar al-Fikr Arabiya. p. 36. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  12. ^ W. Stookey, Robert (1978). Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic (Westview special studies on the Middle East) (hardcover). Avalon Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 9780891583004. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  13. ^ Fred M. Donner (2015). The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 10 The Conquest of Arabia: The Riddah Wars A.D. 632-633/A.H. 11 (ebook) (Religion / General, History / Middle East / General, History / World, Electronic books). Translated by Fred M. Donner. SUNY Press. p. 53. ISBN 9781438401409. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  14. ^ Werner Daum; Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde München (1987). Yemen 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix (Architecture -- Yemen, Architecture -- Yemen (Republic), Architecture, Islamic -- Catalogs -- Yemen, Art -- Yemen (Republic), Art, Islamic -- Catalogs -- Yemen, Art, Yemeni, Art, Yemeni -- Exhibitions, Arts, Yemeni, Arts, Yemenite, Yemen, Yemen (Arab Republic), Yemen (People's Democratic Republic)., Yemen (Republic), Yemen (Republic) -- Automatisch aus GBV_2011-10 2012-04-21, Yemen (Republic) -- Civilization -- Antiquities -- Social life and customs, Yemen (Republic) -- Exhibitions -- Antiquities, Yemen (Republic) -- Exhibitions -- Civilization -- Pictorial works, Yemen (Republic) -- History -- Civilization, Yemen, South, Yemen, South -- Automatisch aus GBV_2011-10 2012-04-21, Yemen, South -- History -- Civilization, Yemen (People's Democratic Republic) -- History -- Civilization, Yemen (Republic) -- History, Yemen, South -- History). Penguin Book Australia. p. 15. ISBN 9783701622924. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b As-Sirjani 2006
  16. ^ a b c d Ibrahim Akram 1970, pp. 389, 495
  17. ^ Fred Donner (2014). The Early Islamic Conquests (ebook) (Religion / History, Religion / Islam / General, History / Middle East / General, Electronic books, History -- World, Islamic Empire -- History -- 622-661, Religion -- Islam -- General). Princeton University Press. p. 339. ISBN 9781400847877. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  18. ^ Hakim, Manshur Abdul. Zirzis, Achmad (ed.). Khalid Bin Al-Walid: Panglima Yang Tak Terkalahkan (ebook) (history, biography) (in Indonesian). Saudi Arabia; Indonesia: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 512. ISBN 978-979-592-687-0.
  19. ^ "An Account of the Muslim Conquest of Syria; Al-Baladhuri, from Kitab Futuh al-Buldan (Book of the Conquests of Lands)". The Ancient and Medieval World. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b al-Sallabi, Ali (2013). "26". Biografi Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq (ebook) (in Indonesian) (first ed.). Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 582. ISBN 9780791496848. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Qais bin Hubairah menjawab, "Jika aku dan paduka masih sama-sama hidup, maka seseorang akan menyampaikan kabar kepada paduka tentang saya, bagaimana aku melindungi orang-orang Islam dan sejauh mana aku berjuang melawan orang kafir ...' Futh as-Sham by al-Azdi
  21. ^ Ibn Hisham, Abd al Malik (2020). Bahri, Fadhli (ed.). Sirah Nabawiyah lbnu Hisyam Jilid 1 (ebook) (in Indonesian). Translated by Fadhli Bahri. Darul Falah. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9789793036168. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  22. ^ a b Shakir, Mahmud. التاريخ الإسلامي - ج 3: الخلفاء الراشدون [Encyclopedia of Islamic History 3 - The Rightly-Guided Caliphs] (in Arabic). p. 157. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  23. ^ a b bin Shamil as-Sulami, Muhammad; Ibn Kathir, Abu Fida (2004). Tartib wa Tahdzib Al-Kkitab bidayah wan Nihayah (in Indonesian). Translated by Abu Ihsan al-Atsari. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar al Wathan. pp. 249–278. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  24. ^ a b Tabari, Ibn Jarir (1989). K. A. Howard, I. (ed.). The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt (hardcover). SUNY Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780887068768.

Bibliography

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