Quadripoint: Difference between revisions
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A '''quadripoint''' is a point on the Earth that touches the [[border]] of four distinct territories.<ref name=akweenda>{{cite book |last= Akweenda |first= S. |title= International Law and the Protection of Namibia's Territorial Integrity: Boundaries and Territorial Claims |year= 1997 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn= 9789041104120 |pages= 201–203 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0-TSdvAg2IgC&pg=PA201}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Nolan |first= J. |year= 2003 |month= December |title= There are numerous points where three countries meet. Are there any with four? |journal= [[Geographical (magazine)|Geographical]] |volume= 75 |issue= 12 |page= 19 |issn= 0016-741X}}</ref> The term has never been in common use—it may not have been used before 1964, by the Geographer of the United States.<ref>http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS030.pdf</ref>{{#tag:ref|In common American English usage, the much more usual expression for the thing described by the term has been "four corners" (at least until the 1970s and perhaps even still). This is evidently because the most celebrated quadripoint in the world (which is located in the United States) is named "the Four Corners". |name=quadripoint|group=n}} The word does not appear in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' or ''[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster Online]]'' dictionary, but it does appear in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zambia |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |edition= 2010 Online Library Edition |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |url= http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-44116 |accessdate= 17 November 2010}}</ref> and the ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' articles on Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, dating back to 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook 1990 Electronic Version |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency |year= 1993 |url= http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1990/world12.txt |accessdate= 17 November 2010}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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[[Image:Moresnet.png|thumb|right|The borders of the historic [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] of [[Neutral Moresnet|Moresnet]]. Moresnet is colored blue, the [[Netherlands]] orange, [[Belgium]] yellow, and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] green.]] |
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[[File:44802734.DSC 1587.jpg|thumb|right|Zambezi River at the junction of Namibia (top left), Zambia (top), Zimbabwe (bottom right) and Botswana (bottom left)]] |
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An early instance of four political divisions meeting at a point is in England (attested in the Domesday Book, 1086,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=DX5aopCW8BsC&pg=PA127&dq=%22four+shires+stone%22&hl=en&ei=C9rdTNjgO8L48AbOvrzYDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22four%20shires%20stone%22&f=false at 238c: DB Warks., 3,4]</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=oUmfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22four+shires+stone%22&dq=%22four+shires+stone%22&hl=en&ei=nOHdTM2TKsL58AbstZjaDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBzgU</ref> and mentioned since 969 if not 772<ref>http://www.hunimex.com/warwick/four_shire_stone.html</ref>); it combined until 1931 the English shires/counties of Gloucester, Oxford, Warwick and Worcester. But another ancient four county point between Warwick, Derby, Leicester and Stafford could be slightly older, as it is associated with a Mercian stone in [[No Man's Heath, Warwickshire]]. |
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The earliest known quadripoint involving modern nation states existed from 1817 to 1821 where the present Alabama-Mississippi state line crossed the 31st parallel border between Spain and the United States. During that period, the part of West Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers (which Spain still owned but the United States forcibly occupied and annexed in 1810 after belatedly claiming it as part of the Louisiana Territory purchased from France in 1803) was subdivided and allocated partly to the State of Mississippi and partly to the Territory (and later State) of Alabama. There resulted, at the intersection of demarcated boundaries, an international quadripoint of four territories, which in the United States were named (clockwise) Baldwin and Mobile Counties of Alabama and Jackson and Greene Counties of Mississippi, though Mobile and Jackson Counties were actually still in Spain.<ref>''Boundaries of the United States and the Several States'', Franklin K. Van Zandt, 1976. pp. 22ff, 26f, 100-107.</ref><ref>http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/contemporarymaps/alabama/historical/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.mymississippigenealogy.com/ms-maps.html</ref> |
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Between 1830 and 1920 there was a quadripoint at the convergence of [[Belgium]], [[Prussia]]/[[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Moresnet]]. {{coord|50.75|N|6.02|E|name=former quadripoint}}<!-- this isn't exact --><ref>http://www.moresnet.nl/english/geschiedenis_en.htm</ref> Moresnet was never truly a country but rather only a neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). |
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Many sources claim that a quadripoint exists in Africa, where the borders of [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]] come together at the confluence of the [[Cuando River|Cuando]] (also called Chobe) and [[Zambezi]] rivers (approximately {{coord|17|47|30|S|25|15|48|E|type:landmark_region:BW_dim:10000|display=inline}}).<ref>{{cite book |last= Arnold |first= Guy |title= The Resources of the Third World |year= 1997 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9781579580148 |pages= 252, 319 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=1LpwLDoIkHwC&pg=PA252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Ewan W. |authorlink= Ewan Anderson |title= International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas |year= 2003 |publisher= Psychology Press |isbn= 9781579583750 |pages= 9, 116, 118 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=E7-menNPxREC&pg=PA9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Hinz |first1= Manfred O. |last2= Gatter |first2= Frank Thomas |title= Global Responsibility – Local Agenda: The Legitimacy of Modern Self-Determination and African Traditional Authority |year= 2006 |publisher= LIT Verlag Münster |isbn= 9783825867829 |page= 45 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=eYhih1zKp8AC&pg=PA45}}</ref> Ever since the boundaries in the area were defined around the turn of the 20th-century there was uncertainty about whether they met to form a single quadripoint in the Zambezi River, or whether they met in two [[tripoint]]s in the river, close but not quite touching. If there was a quadripoint, then Botswana and Zambia would not share a border, except at a single point. A minor international incident occurred in 1970 regarding the quadripoint issue. [[South Africa]] informed Botswana that there was no common border between Botswana and Zambia, claiming that the quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the [[Kazungula Ferry]], which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. Violence was avoided although shots were fired at the ferry.<ref>{{cite book |last= Griffiths |first= Ieuan Ll |title= The African Inheritance |year= 1995 |publisher= Psychology Press |isbn= 9780415010924 |page= 56 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56}}</ref> The question of whether a quadripoint exists remains unresolved. [[Ian Brownlie]], who studied the case, determined that the possibility of a quadripoint, although unlikely, cannot be definitively ruled out. To resolve the issue all four states, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe would have to conduct precise boundary surveys.<ref name=akweenda/> |
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==Quadripoints within and between nations== |
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[[Image:Nebraska-SE-counties-PLSS.png|thumb|300px|right|A map of southeastern [[List of counties in Nebraska|Nebraska]], from about [[Gage County, Nebraska|Gage County]] to [[Hall County, Nebraska|Hall County]], showing [[County (United States)|county]] lines in black and [[Public Land Survey System|PLSS]] [[Survey township|township]] lines in purple. In many parts of the United States county lines are based on PLSS townships and [[Section (United States land surveying)|sections]]. There are occasional jogs in the grid, due to correction lines.]] |
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Quadripoints can exist at the meeting of political subdivisions of any type(s) or level(s). The most common are in the United States and Canada, where the grid-based Public Land Survey System (PLSS) and Dominion Land Surveys (DLS), respectively, resulted in a large number of quadripoints at the corners of survey units such as DLS townships, PLSS townships, sections, and various other gridded subdivisions. The borders of U.S. counties and towns are often defined by survey townships. There are dozens of quadripoints between U.S. counties, hundreds between U.S. municipalities, and indeed thousands (of usually bilateral ones) on the edges of checkerboard-patterned Indian reservations and other federally reserved territories. But of all the quadripoints that exist, the most noted are about 10 international instances, and about 10 others of primary national subdivisions (such as provinces or states). |
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Among the international quadripoints (examples below) a few general types can be distinguished. In the absence of four-country points, three-country quadripoints are perhaps most significant. These combine two divisions of one country with (one each of) two other countries. But there also exist merely binational quadripoints -- of several varieties. Some of these combine two subdivisions of two countries, others three subdivisions of one country with (one of) another; while still others occur at points where international boundaries appear to touch or cross themselves -- with or without subdivision -- or where an international boundary appears to bifurcate around disputed territories. |
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Also below, by country, some quadripoints composed only of primary subdivisions. |
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===Argentina=== |
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The [[Argentina|Argentine]] provinces of [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]] and [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]] may meet at {{coord|37|34|00|S|68|14|00|W|region:AR_scale:2000000}}. Rio Negro has disputed this since a 1966 resurvey cast the exact boundary convergence into some doubt. {{citation needed|date=November 2010}} |
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===Austria/Germany=== |
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On the summit of Sorgschrofen peak, the international boundary touches (or crosses) itself at marker number 110, where two Austrian (Tyrolean: Reutte) and two German (Bavarian: Obergallau, Ostgallau) municipalities meet at a quadripoint established politically in 1844, cadastrally 1342 or earlier: (in clockwise order) Jungholz AT, Pfronten DE, Schattwald AT and Bad Hindelang DE.<ref>http://jungholz.enclaves.org/images/94.jpg and http://jungholz.enclaves.org/images/114.jpg with English translation in green here: http://jungholz.enclaves.org/</ref><ref>http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jungholz.tirol.gv.at%2Fsystem%2Fweb%2Fdefault.aspx (municipal website for 1342 date presently out of order)</ref> |
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===Bangladesh/India=== |
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The international boundary touches (or crosses) itself at one (or possibly two) locations shared by India (West Bengal state, Cooch Behar district) and Bangladesh (Rangpur Division, Lalmonirhat district). A well documented instance occurs in Mekhliganj subdivision and a less definite one in Mathabhanga subdivision (of Cooch Behar), both involving Patgram subdivision (of Lalmonirhat). Additional political subdivision does not appear to result in either case. Its (or their) international stature has been intermittent since Mughal times and is presently owing to the Radcliffe Award of 1947. <ref>http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/baarle/coochbehar.gif</ref><ref>Waiting for the Eskimo: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh (Research paper) by Brendan R Whyte. School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, 2002, University of Melbourne, figure 5b on page 479 and figure 4b on page 473, respectively, both instances personally attested by author expert at http://article.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.boundary-point/8342</ref> |
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===Belgium/Netherlands=== |
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The international boundary touches (or crosses) itself, without imparting political subdivision, within the commingled municipalities of [[Baarle-Nassau|Baarle/Nassau]] (North Brabant, Netherlands) and [[Baarle-Hertog|Baarle/Hertog]] (Antwerp, Belgium). The peculiar situation has existed at least cadastrally since about 1198, but its current international distinction dates only from 1830.<ref>http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/baarle.htm</ref><ref>http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/baarle/baarlemap.html quadripoint is shown just below and right of center of map above the word Rethse</ref> |
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===Canada=== |
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The creation of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian territory]] of [[Nunavut]] might have resulted in the creation of a quadripoint between the provinces of [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Manitoba]] and the territories of Nunavut and [[Northwest Territories]] (NWT). Nunavut was officially separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999, though the boundaries had been defined in 1993 via the Nunavut Act and the [[Nunavut Land Claims Agreement]]. Both documents define Nunavut's boundary as including the ''intersection of 60°00'N latitude with 102°00'W longitude, being the intersection of the Manitoba, Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan borders.'' However, the northernmost point of the Manitoba–Saskatchewan border as surveyed is slightly off from 60° north 102° west, therefore the laws are not perfectly clear about whether the Nunavut–NWT boundary, which has not been surveyed, is to meet the others in a quadripoint or not.<ref>{{cite web |title= Nunavut Act |publisher= Department of Justice, Canada |url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/N-28.6/FullText.html |accessdate= 28 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Nunavut Land Claims Agreement |publisher= [[Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated]] |url= http://www.tunngavik.com/documents/publications/1993-00-00-Nunavut-Land-Claims-Agreement-English.pdf |accessdate= 28 October 2010}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although both the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement state the intersection of 60°00'N latitude and 102°00'W longitude as the boundary between Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories, the actual, legal boundary point is marked by a [[Survey marker|survey monument]] [[boundary marker]] placed by the Manitoba Saskatchewan Boundary Commission in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjbsoftware.com/corners/pointdetail.php3?point=139|title=Manitoba - Northwest Territories - Nunavut - Saskatchewan Multi-point|publisher=The Corner Corner|accessdate=2010-07-29}}</ref> According to [[Natural Resources Canada]], Geodetic Survey Division, that monument's precise location is {{coord|59|59|57.98511|N|102|0|27.24027|W|type:landmark_region:CA_dim:20000|display=inline}} ([[North American Datum|NAD83]]), or about {{convert|400|m}} west and slightly south of 60°N by 102°W.<ref>[http://www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/online_data_e.php Canadian Spatial Reference System Online Database], Natural Resources Canada, Geodetic Survey Division. GSD LONG Report for: "MON 157 (name), 674002 (unique number)" (online database requires free registration).</ref> |name=nunavut|group=n}} |
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===Canada/United States of America=== |
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Both of the only known international quadripoints in the Western Hemisphere occur on the Canadian-American border along remote mountain crests. One, which joins the Canadian provinces of Alberta (Improvement District Number 4) and British Columbia (Regional District of East Kootenay) with the Montana counties of Flathead and Glacier where the 49th parallel crosses the Continental Divide also unites an international peace park comprising national parks of both countries (Waterton Lakes and Glacier, respectively). It has been a politically important and precisely stipulated international boundary point since 1818; has been monumented since 1876 (presently by a hollow metallic obeliskoid marker numbered 272); and has maintained a quadripartite status since 1893.<ref>Boundaries of the United States and the Several States, Van Zandt, supra, p. 14, 21</ref><ref>http://historical-county.newberry.org/website/Montana/viewer.htm</ref><ref>http://mapserver.mytopo.com/homepage/index.cfm?lat=48.996182000000005&lon=-114.068995&scale=24000&zoom=100&type=1&icon=0&width=498&height=498&searchscope=dom&CFID=900660&CFTOKEN=45105238&scriptfile=http://mapserver.mytopo.com/homepage/index.cfm&latlontype=DMS</ref><ref>http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/</ref> The other of the pair occurs in the international boundary sector known as the Highlands, on the ridge separating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence watershed from the Gulf of Maine watershed, where three minor civil divisions of the state of Maine -- namely Dennistown Plantation and Forsyth and Sandy Bay Townships, all in Somerset County -- meet Le Granit Regional County Municipality of the province of Quebec. This quadripoint, which was legally delimited in 1873 and validated in 1895, is marked (like all the corners of the minor civil divisions of Maine) by a brightly painted 8-foot wooden pole.<ref>Maine Geological Survey</ref><ref>http://docs.unh.edu/ME/attn25nw.jpg</ref><ref>Private and Special Laws (of Maine) 1895, Chapter 123, dated March 5th, 1895, pursuant to Maine State Statutes (Secretary of State's Miscellaneous Papers, IV, p.53, dated April 12th, 1873</ref><ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&-_MapEvent=&-errMsg=&-_useSS=N&-_dBy=100&-redoLog=false&-_zoomLevel=&-tm_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_M00090&-tm_config=%7Cb=50%7Cl=en%7Ct=4001%7Czf=0.0%7Cms=thm_def%7Cdw=0.023158614706014335%7Cdh=0.012105159400508207%7Cdt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent%7Cif=gif%7Ccx=-70.41842015335718%7Ccy=45.71267932787573%7Czl=2%7Cpz=2%7Cbo=%7Cbl=%7Cft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331%7Cfl=403:381:204:380:369:379:368%7Cg=06000US2302517285%7Cds=DEC_2000_SF1_U%7Csb=50%7Ctud=false%7Cdb=100%7Cmn=0%7Cmx=667%7Ccc=1%7Ccm=1%7Ccn=5%7Ccb=%7Cum=Persons/Sq%20Mile%7Cpr=0%7Cth=DEC_2000_SF1_U_M00090%7Csf=N%7Csg=&-PANEL_ID=tm_result&-_pageY=537&-_lang=en&-geo_id=06000US2302517285&-_pageX=428&-_mapY=204&-_mapX=267&-_latitude=&-_pan=&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_longitude=&-_changeMap=ZoomIn</ref> |
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===Croatia/Hungary/Serbia=== |
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At a delimitation point determined partly following World War I and partly following World War II, and indirectly monumented by international pillars 415 and 420 on respective riverbanks, there is on the thalweg (center of downstream navigation channel) of the Danube a trinational quadripoint, where the Hungarian counties of Baranya and Bacs-Kiskun meet the Croatian county of Osjecko-Baranjska and the Serbian (Vojvodina) District of West Baka in practical fact (though Croatia continues to claim its former Yugoslav cadastral territory east of the Danube, leaving the quadripoint technically unsettled).<ref>http://en.poehali.org/maps/100k--l34-074.html , downloadable map (English prompts available)</ref><ref>http://www.nuim.ie/staff/dpringle/igu_wpm/mladen.pdf</ref> |
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===Lithuania/Poland/Russia=== |
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At {{coord|54.36435|N|22.79228|E|}}, there is a trinational quadripoint: to the northwest is [[Russia]] (specifically the Russian exclave [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]); to the northeast [[Lithuania]]; and to the southwest and southeast two Voivodships (provinces) of [[Poland]]: [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodship]] and [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]]. [http://maps.msn.se/map.aspx?C=54.36435,22.79228&L=EUR&S=800,740&A=49] The quadripoint exists thanks to the way the border between Poland and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] was defined in 1945 by the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. The new border between Poland and the USSR bisected Germany's former province of [[East Prussia]]; the northern part became Kaliningrad Oblast, and most of the southern part is now Warmia-Masuria.{{Citation needed|Something more than a map link required to verify|date=November 2010}} |
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===Mexico=== |
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In [[Mexico]] there is only one precise quadripoint at {{coord|24|33|00|N|100|48|00|W|region:MX_scale:2000000}}. The "Mojonera de los cuatro estados" ("Four State Boundary Stone") was built to mark the point where [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo Leon]], [[San Luis Potosi]] and [[Zacatecas]] [[states of Mexico|states]] effectively meet.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} |
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===Norway/Sweden=== |
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On the border of Sweden and Norway, there is a binational quadripoint where two Counties of Norway, Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland, meet two Counties of Sweden, Västerbotten and Jämtland, at international boundary marker number 204.<ref>http://kart.statkart.no/adaptive2/default.aspx?gui=1&lang=2 (zoomable map)</ref><ref>http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/episerver4/templates/skogensparlor.aspx (zoomable map)</ref> Though the marker dates from 1760, the point became a quadripoint in the 19th century and became international upon the dissolution of Sweden and Norway in 1905.<ref>http://www.baldwinsmaps.com/maps/610.jpg</ref><ref>http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=no&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adressa.no%2Fnyheter%2Farticle79264.ece</ref> |
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===Oman/Saudi Arabia/Yemen=== |
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Amid the Empty Quarter of Arabia -- as trilaterally agreed and monumented in 2006 precisely at the intersection of the 19th parallel and 52nd meridian (datum uncertain) -- Oman (governorate of Dhofar) and Saudi Arabia (emirate of Ash Sharqiyah) meet Yemen (and its governorates of Al Mahrah and Hadramawt), in a tricountry quadripoint.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=r4FJXXciuhsC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286&dq=oman+saudi+yemen+trijunction&source=bl&ots=mQPI-5LWkL&sig=_Dng2V5mUA5R3bk7Y0mBqm8hG_U&hl=en&ei=cQboTMCLI4PGlQf1rt3ACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=oman%20saudi%20yemen%20trijunction&f=false , for tricountry point</ref><ref> http://www.mophp-ye.org/english/data.html , for official zip file of Yemeni governorate boundaries</ref> |
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===United Kingdom=== |
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Due to changes to the borders and numbers of administrative counties in the last century (see [[Administrative counties of England]]), no true quadripoint remains in the United Kingdom. |
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But quite apart from the few shire/county quadripoints that have actually existed in England (see History, above), mistaken claims of an extant one are sometimes made about a place near [[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]] where [[Rutland]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Cambridgeshire]] and [[Northamptonshire]] seem to meet at a point. ({{coord|52|38|25|N|0|29|40|W|}}) However, the location actually consists of two tripoints around 66 ft (20 metres) apart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blanchflower.org/tripoints/quad.html|title=A real quadripoint?|publisher=blanchflower.org}}</ref> |
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===United States of America=== |
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[[Image:Fourcorners.jpg|thumb|right|The [[boundary marker]] inscribed at the center of the [[Four Corners Monument]], the only state quadripoint in the [[United States]]; where [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]] meet.]] |
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The [[Four Corners Monument]] is the only point in the [[United States of America]] where four states meet: [[Colorado]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Arizona]] meet at [[right angle]]s. The United States first acquired the area now called [[Four Corners]] from [[Mexico]] after the [[Mexican American War]] in 1848. In 1863 Congress created [[Arizona Territory]] from the western part of [[New Mexico Territory]]. The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of [[Colorado Territory]], which had been created in 1861. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another Congress ensured the eventual creation of four states meeting at a point, regardless of the inevitable errors of boundary surveying.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hubbard |first= Bill, Jr. |title= American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey |year= 2009 |publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn= 978-0-226-35591-7 |page= 164 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=LMacwod5KLwC&pg=PA164 |accessdate= 14 November 2010}}</ref> The monument is centered at {{coord|36|59|56.31532|N|109|02|42.62019|W|}}.<ref name=FourCorners>{{cite web |date=2003-05-07 |url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=AD9256 |title=Four Corners PID AD9256 |work=NGS Survey Monument Data Sheet |format=[[text file]] |publisher= United States National Geodetic Survey |accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> It is also a place where 4 counties meet at one point, but there are many such places within the US. |
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Pentapoint: five Florida counties meet at one point near center of Lake Okeechobee. |
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===Apparent national-level quadripoints=== |
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On best available maps, a few additional countries show every appearance of producing one or more quadripoints of their primary subdivisions. These occurrences (neither positively confirmed nor confuted by evidence) are as follows: |
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*Andorra: Parishes of Canillo, Encamp, La Messana and Ordino (Michelin zoomable, et al., in legal controversy as of 2003). |
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*Bulgaria: Oblasts of Gabrovo, Lovech, Plovdiv and Stara Zagora (large-scale Soviet topo, et al., at Zelenikovets Peak). |
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*Dominican Republic: Provinces of Baoruco, Elias Pina, Independencia and San Juan (large-scale American topo, et al., apparently at ridge crossing peak named Gajo de los Magueyes but possibly indefinite). |
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*Gabon: Provinces of Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Ogooue-Ivindo and Ogooue-Lolo (large-scale French topo, et al., evidently at an unnamed ridge junction summit). |
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*Jamaica: Parishes of Clarendon, Manchester, Saint Ann and Trelawney (American mapping, et al., and local testimony). |
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*Libya: Districts of Al Jfara, Bani Walid, Mizdah and Tarhuna Wa Msalata (conventional mapping and local assertion). |
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*Mauritania: Regions of Adrar, Brakna, Tagant and Trarza (definitive French map evidence since colonial times). |
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*Oman: Governorates of Ad Dakhliyah, Al Batinah, Ash Sharqiyah and Muscat (while not all maps agree). |
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*St. Kitts-Nevis: St. Kitts Parishes of St. Anne Sandy Point, St. John Capisterre, St. Paul Capisterre and St. Thomas Middle Island (conventional maps, at the Crater; not to be confused with 5-parish point at Nevis Peak). |
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*Uganda: Districts of Kyenjojo, Mbarara, Mubende and Sembabule (on most maps, and possibly other quadripoints more recent). |
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*Vietnam: Provinces of Bac Can, Cao Bang, Ha Giang and Tuyen Quang (on most maps, with possible companions too). |
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Obviously in all such inconclusive cases, more research is needed, even if not always possible. (Countries not mentioned are believed on best available evidence not to have any quadripoints of their primary subdivisions.) |
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===Void or disputed quadripoints=== |
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A pair of conflicting territorial claims can give rise to a void or dispute quadripoint: of the territory in dispute and the adjacent undisputed territories of the claimants with a fourth territory (or void area) claimed by neither of them. An international case of such a quadripoint on dry land can be inferred, if not actually found, in a remote area of the Nubian Desert involving both the [[Hala'ib Triangle]] and [[Bir Tawil]] (about midway between the River Nile and the Red Sea) where the long established but undemarcated international border along the 22nd parallel, as claimed by Egypt, is intersected by a similarly well established administrative boundary preferred and claimed by Sudan as the true international border. <ref>http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS018.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/maps/bs18.html</ref> Another occurrence -- actually a chain of three such quadripoints linked to two separate unclaimed areas in a far busier location, indeed in coastal waters whose national sovereignty would otherwise have been zealously guarded -- is likewise inferrable where the southern end of the Alaska sector of the Canadian border aberrates into two crisscrossing versions or claim lines. These conflicting lines produce, besides two areas of overlapping claims, two small triangles of void or virtual high seas -- one having two pendant quadripoints and the other a third, all identifiable at fairly precise geocoordinates -- as they lurch through the narrows of Dixon Entrance toward their still indefinite boundary termination in the true high seas of the Pacific.<ref>http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb5-3_gray.pdf , figure 2, page 62</ref><ref>http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/coordinates/PortlandCanal.htm</ref>And finally, combining the only other two (of the five) unclaimed or void areas on Earth, is a fifth dispute-pendant quadripoint, at the South Pole. Being at once a simple bilateral quadripoint and a far more complicated intersection of claim limits (an elevenfold 6-country point), the South Pole example combines two parcels of virgin unclaimed land with two parcels of Antarctic Treaty regulated territory (which have been variously claimed, disputed, recognized, ignored, disowned, reclaimed, etc., as national sovereign territory by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Great Britain and New Zealand, if not also Norway). But whatever the ultimate disposition of disputed national sovereignty, the intersection and quadripoint of two undisputedly pristine and two highly disputable territories endures.<ref>http://www.icsm.gov.au/mapping/images/antarctica.jpg</ref><ref>http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp</ref>The void areas meet the polar quadripoint between the 90th and 150th meridian west longitude (Marie Byrd Land) and, again, between the 20th meridian west and 45th meridian east (this latter sector, of indefinite extent, owing to the Norwegian exclusion of the South Pole from Queen Maud Land), while sovereign or treaty regulated areas converge at the polar quadripoint in the two intervals between the void areas. The South Pole is marked ceremonially by a tall candy cane with a globe on top, although its exact location which moves about a bit is redemarcated annually with a much humbler but varying ornament. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Tripoint]] |
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* [[Maritime boundary]] |
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==Notes and references== |
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;Notes |
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{{Reflist|group=n}} |
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;References |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Borders]] |
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[[de:Vierländereck]] |
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[[es:Cuadripunto]] |
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[[eo:Kvarlanda punkto]] |
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[[fr:Quadripoint]] |
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[[lt:Keturių sienų sankirta]] |
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[[nl:Vierlandenpunt]] |
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[[pl:czwórstyk]] |
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