Radiodactylus

Radiodactylus Temporal range: Early Cretaceous,
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Azhdarchiformes
Genus:	†Radiodactylus Andres & Myers, 2013
Type species
†Radiodactylus langstoni Andres & Myers, 2013

Radiodactylus is an extinct genus of non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid pterosaur known from the Early Cretaceous of Texas, southern United States. It contains a single species, Radiodactylus langstoni.

Discovery

Radiodactylus is known solely from its holotype, SMU 72547, a nearly complete left humerus first described by Phillip Murry et al. (1991). The specimen is well preserved in three dimensions with no apparent crushing. The humerus lacks only portions of the proximal end and anterior end of the deltopectoral crest, and has a fracture in the mid-shaft area where it is very slightly rotationally distorted. Radiodactylus was first named by Brian Andres and Timothy S. Myers in 2013 and the type species is Radiodactylus langstoni. The generic name is derived from radio, the prefix for radioactivity in reference to the Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant, where SMU 72547 was discovered during the construction of an emergency spillway, and dactylos, meaning "finger" in Ancient Greek which is a traditional suffix for pterosaur genera in reference to their elongate wing digits. The specific name, langstoni, honors the late Dr. Wann Langston, Jr. who has been described by Andres and Myers (2013) as "the father of Texas pterosaurology". The holotype was collected from the Glen Rose Formation at the north side of Squaw Creek in Somervell County, dating to the upper Aptian or lower Albian stage of the late Early Cretaceous period, about 119-112 million years ago.

Description

Andres and Myers (2013) diagnosed Radiodactylus on the basis of the unique combination of tall rectangular deltopectoral crest positioned proximally and pneumatic foramen present on distal portion of the humerus. This large-sized pterosaur also has autapomorphic square distal humerus cross section, and a straight vertical groove on distal aspect of the humerus without ulnar tubercle. The holotype of Radiodactylus was originally referred to Azhdarchidae by Murry et al. (1991) based on shared characters that were considered to possibly represent plesiomorphies. According to Andres and Myers (2013), Radiodactylus shares a tall rectangular deltopectoral crest and a massive, ventrally-oriented ulnar crest with azhdarchoids, and a pneumatic foramen on the distal end with the azhdarchids (also seen in most pteranodontoids). The humerus clearly lacks many traits that are present in other pterosaur clades, like Pteranodontia and Tapejaridae. The presence of a distal pneumatic foramen, in addition to the lack of a distally positioned deltopectoral crest on the humerus, supports a sister taxon relation to Azhdarchidae. The absence of a deep horseshoe-shaped cross section of the humeral head and a distinct supracondylar process on the humerus shaft differentiated Radiodactylus from members of the Azhdarchidae.

Phylogeny

Although described as an azhdarchid by Murry et al. (1991) and recovered as the sister taxon of the clade containing all other azhdarchids by the phylogenetic analysis performed by Andres and Myers (2013), it was classified as a non-azhdarchid neoazhdarchian. Though closely related to the Azhdarchidae, Radiodactylus is relatively small and much older compared to true azhdarchids. Furthermore, both phylogenetic definitions of the Azhdarchidae by Kellner (2003) and Unwin (2003) exclude this species from Azhdarchidae. This sister taxon relationship supported by the largest and most inclusive pterosaur phylogenetic analysis to date warranted the erection of a new genus and species for this material. Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic placement of R. langstoni within Neoazhdarchia from Andres and Myers (2013).

Neoazhdarchia

Thalassodromidae  Thalassodromeus sethi Tupuxuara leonardii Tupuxuara longicristatus  Dsungaripteridae  Domeykodactylus ceciliae Dsungaripterus weii Noripterus complicidens Noripterus parvus  Chaoyangopteridae  Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis Chaoyangopterus zhangi Jidapterus edentus Radiodactylus langstoni  Azhdarchidae  Azhdarcho lancicollis TMM 42489 Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis Arambourgiania philadelphiae Quetzalcoatlus northropi Quetzalcoatlus sp.