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Refractory period (sex)

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In human sexuality, the refractory period is usually the recovery phase after orgasm, during which it is physiologically impossible for males to have additional orgasms.[1][2] This phase begins immediately after ejaculation, and lasts until the excitement phase of the human sexual response cycle begins anew with low-level response.[1][2] Although it is generally reported that females do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one,[3][4] some sources state that both males and females experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement.[5][6]

Factors and theories

Although the refractory period varies widely among individuals, ranging from minutes to days,[4][5][6] most men cannot achieve or maintain an erection during this time, and many perceive a psychological feeling of satisfaction and are temporarily uninterested in further sexual activity; the penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual stimulation may feel painful during this time frame.[3][6]

An increase in the infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male refractory period, and the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.[7] Another chemical which some consider to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin,[3][8][9] which is repressed by dopamine, and is responsible for sexual arousal.[8] However, there is no consensus for such a causative relationship; some studies suggest that prolactin has no effect on the refractory period.[10]

It is additionally proposed that the gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), which is considered to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual functions causes refractoriness of the post-ejaculatory refractory period.[11] This hypothesis also supports the increase of oxytocin and prolactin after orgasm in accordance with the previous studies.[11]

An alternative theory explains the male refractory period in terms of a peripheral autonomic feedback mechanism,[citation needed] rather than through central chemicals like oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin. Autonomic feedback is already known to regulate other physiologic systems, such as breathing, blood pressure, and gut motility. This theory suggests that after male ejaculation, decreased wall tension in structures such as the seminal vesicles leads to a change in the fine autonomic signals sent from these organs, effectively creating a negative feedback loop. Such a mechanism is similar to decreased gastric and bowel motility once gastric contents have passed through. Once the feedback loop has been created, the refractory period remains until the loop is broken through restoration of the wall tension in the seminal vesicles. As men age, the time to restore tension in the seminal vesicles increases.[12]

The female sexual response is thought to be more varied than that of men, and women are thought to be more capable than men of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation, suggesting a shorter or absent refractory period in some women.[3][4] A study has shown that the vast majority of women experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, at similar rates to the refractory period in men, which is characterised by penile sensitivity. The findings of that same study also suggests a reconsideration of the refractory period in women and highlight the need for further research on post-orgasmic experiences that includes the female perspective.[13] In addition, both men and women experience an increased prolactin levels following orgasm for approximately 60 minutes, which is a neurobiological marker of the refractory period in males.[14][9] Like men, it may be that only a minority of women are capable of multiple orgasms or lack a refractory period, but there is insufficient data to make a conclusion.[15]

Other studies

Men may also have a reduced refractory period and may be capable of multiple orgasms.[16] According to some studies, 18-year-old males have a refractory period of about 15 minutes, while those in their 70s take about 20 hours, with the average for all men being approximately half an hour.[17] Although rarer, some males exhibit no refractory period or a refractory period lasting less than 10 seconds.[18] A scientific study attempting to document natural, fully ejaculatory, multiple orgasms in an adult man was conducted at Rutgers University in 1995. During the study, six fully ejaculatory orgasms occurred in 36 minutes, with no apparent refractory period.[3][19] In 2002, P. Haake et al. reported a single male individual producing multiple orgasms without elevated prolactin response.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Morrow, Ross (2013). Sex Research and Sex Therapy: A Sociological Analysis of Masters and Johnson. Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 978-1134134656. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Carroll, Janell L. (2015). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. p. 275. ISBN 978-1305446038. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "The Sexual Response Cycle". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b Schacter, Daniel Lawrence; Gilbert, Daniel Todd; Wegner, Daniel M. (2010). Psychology. Macmillan. p. 336. ISBN 978-1429237192. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2010). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons. p. 761. ISBN 978-0470170267. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  7. ^ Panksepp, Jaak (2003-10-31). Panksepp, Jaak (ed.). Textbook of Biological Psychiatry (1st ed.). Wiley. p. 129. doi:10.1002/0471468975. ISBN 978-0-471-43478-8.
  8. ^ a b c Haake, Philip; Exton, Michael S.; Haverkamp, J.; Krämer, Markus; Leygraf, Norbert; Hartmann, Uwe; Schedlowski, Manfred; Krueger, T.H.C. (April 2002). "Absence of orgasm-induced prolactin secretion in a healthy multi-orgasmic male subject". International Journal of Impotence Research. 14 (2): 133–135. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900823. PMID 11979330.
  9. ^ a b Meston, Cindy M.; Frohlich, Penny F. (2000-11-01). "The Neurobiology of Sexual Function". Archives of General Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1012. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1012. ISSN 0003-990X.
  10. ^ Valente, Susana; Marques, Tiago; Lima, Susana Q. (2021). "No evidence for prolactin's involvement in the post-ejaculatory refractory period". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 10. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01570-4. PMC 7782750. PMID 33398068. S2CID 257088088.
  11. ^ a b Pazhoohi, Farid; Saied Salehi, Mohammad (2013-06-03). "Effect of gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) secretion on post-ejaculatory refractory period: A hypothesis". Hypothesis. 11 (1). doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v11i1.286. ISSN 1710-3398.
  12. ^ Turley, Kenneth R.; Rowland, David L. (August 2013). "Evolving ideas about the male refractory period". British Journal of Urology International. 112 (4): 442–52. doi:10.1111/bju.12011. PMID 23470051.
  13. ^ Humphries, Aliisa K.; Cioe, Jan (2009-09-22). "Reconsidering the refractory period: an exploratory study of women's post-orgasmic experiences". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 18 (3): 127–135.
  14. ^ Exton, M. S.; Bindert, A.; Krüger, T.; Scheller, F.; Hartmann, U.; Schedlowski, M. (1999). "Cardiovascular and endocrine alterations after masturbation-induced orgasm in women". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (3): 280–289. doi:10.1097/00006842-199905000-00005. ISSN 0033-3174. PMID 10367606.
  15. ^ Rathus, Spencer A.; Nevid, Jeffrey S.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois; Herold, Edward S.; McKenzie, Sue Wicks (2005). Human Sexuality In A World Of Diversity (2nd ed.). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education.
  16. ^ Wibowo, Erik; Wassersug, Richard Joel (2016). "Multiple Orgasms in Men-What We Know So Far". Sexual Medicine Reviews. 4 (2): 136–148. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.12.004. ISSN 2050-0521. PMID 27872023.
  17. ^ Kanner, Bernice. (2003). Are You Normal About Sex, Love, and Relationships? p. 52.
  18. ^ Boccadoro, L.; Carulli, S. (2009), Il posto dell'amore negato. Sessualità e psicopatologie segrete (The place of the denied love. Sexuality and secret psychopathologies - Abstract), Ancona, Italy: Tecnoprint Editions, ISBN 978-88-95554-03-7
  19. ^ Whipple, Beverley; Myers, Brent R.; Komisaruk, Barry R. (1998). "Male Multiple Ejaculatory Orgasms: A Case Study". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 23 (2): 157–162. doi:10.1080/01614576.1998.11074222.
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