View source for Resident commissioner of the Philippines

{{short description|Position}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Resident Commissioner
| body = the Philippine Islands
| insignia = Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg
| image = File:General Carlos P. Romulo.jpg
| imagesize = 
| imagecaption = '''[[Carlos P. Romulo]]'''<br />Last [[Resident Commissioner]] of the Philippines
| seat = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]]
| department = [[United States House of Representatives]]
| first = [[Benito Legarda]]<br/>[[Pablo Ocampo]]
| formation = November 22, 1907
| last = [[Carlos P. Romulo]]
| abolished = July 4, 1946
}}
The '''resident commissioner of the Philippines''' ({{Langx|es|Comisionado Residente de las Islas Filipinas}}) was a [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting member]] of the [[United States House of Representatives]] sent by the [[Philippines]] from 1907 until its [[Tydings–McDuffie Act|internationally recognized independence]] in 1946. It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as the [[resident commissioner of Puerto Rico]] and delegates from [[District of Columbia's at-large congressional district|Washington, D.C.]], [[Guam's at-large congressional district|Guam]], the [[United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]] and other [[territories of the United States]].

Like current non-voting members, resident commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House, but did not have full voting rights. Two resident commissioners were sent until 1937, when after the establishment of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], the number was changed to one.<ref>{{cite book|title=American Workers, Colonial Power|author=Dorothy B. Fujita-Rony|year= 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-23095-7}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:J.M. Elizalde, Sergio Osmena, John W. Hausermann.jpg|thumbnail|Philippine Commissioner [[J.M. Elizalde]] with future Philippine president [[Sergio Osmena]] and [[John W. Hausermann]], (a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] leader and goldmine owner in the Philippines), in 1938 or 1939, Library of Congress]]

The Philippines was a [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|United States territory from 13 August 1898]] until [[Republic Day (Philippines)|Philippine independence]] was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946.

The office was first created by the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act of 1902]], section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—the [[Jones Act (Philippine Islands)|Jones Law]] of 1916 (known as the Philippine Autonomy Act) section 20, and the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] of 1934 (known as the Philippine Independence Act) section 7(5).

== Election ==
The procedures for appointment of the resident commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction.<ref>{{cite book | title= The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines | first= Paul Alexander | last= Kramer | year= 2006 | publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] | page= 325 | isbn= 9780807856536 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA325}}</ref> Under the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]] of 1902, the two resident commissioners were to be elected by the [[Philippine Legislature]], with each chamber (the entirely-appointed, American-majority [[Philippine Commission]] and the fully-elected and all-Filipino [[Philippine Assembly]]) voting separately. The resident commissioners were to be elected biennially from the time of the first meeting of the [[1st Philippine Legislature|Philippine Legislature]] in 1907. [[Benito Legarda]] and [[Pablo Ocampo]] became the first two resident commissioners.

Upon the passage of the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] in 1916, the resident commissioners were still selected in the same way, but by this time now had three-year terms. [[Jaime C. de Veyra]] and [[Teodoro R. Yangco]] were the first resident commissioners under the Jones Law.

The [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] of 1934 reduced the number of resident commissioners to one, and ordered the enactment of a new constitution. Upon the passage of the 1935 Constitution, it tasked the [[National Assembly of the Philippines|National Assembly]] (the successor of the Philippine Legislature) to legislate how the resident commissioner shall be selected. The National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 10 late in 1935, which stated how the next resident commissioner shall be selected; it stated that the resident commissioner would now be appointed by the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the consent of the [[Commission on Appointments]]. and that the resident commissioner holds office at the [[At Her Majesty's pleasure|pleasure of the president]], therefore there was no fixed term.

The two resident commissioners serving under the Jones Law, [[Pedro Guevara]] and [[Francisco Afan Delgado]], were replaced when President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] appointed [[Quintin Paredes]] as their successor in February 1936.

The resident commissioner was never elected via [[direct election]]. unlike its [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican counterpart]].

== List of resident commissioners ==

=== Insular government era: 1907–1936 ===
{{main|Insular Government of the Philippine Islands}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|- style="height:2em"
! colspan="3" | Seat A
! rowspan="2" width="10%" | Years
! width=5% rowspan=2 | [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |[[Philippine Legislature]]
! colspan=3 | Seat B
|- style="height:2em"
! width=15%| Resident commissioner
! width=10%| Party
! width=15%| Electoral history
! width=15%| Resident commissioner
! width=10%| Party
! width=15%| Electoral history

|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="6" align="left" | [[File:Benito Legarda cph.3b13853.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Legarda]]<br />'''[[Benito Legarda]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| rowspan="6" {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Federalist Party (Philippines)|Federalista]]<br>([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]])
| rowspan="6" | Elected in 1907.<br />Re-elected in 1909.<br />Retired in 1912.
| November 22, 1907 – March 3, 1909
| {{USCongressOrdinal|60}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1st Philippine Legislature|1st]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" | [[File:Pablo Ocampo, c. 1908.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Ocampo]]<br/>'''[[Pablo Ocampo]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| rowspan="3" | Elected in 1907.<br/>Retired in 1909 to run in the [[Philippine Assembly]].

|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" | March 4, 1909 – November 22, 1909
| rowspan="3" | {{USCongressOrdinal|61}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2nd Philippine Legislature|2nd]]
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" | November 23, 1909 – March 3, 1912
| rowspan="7" align="left" | [[File:MANUELQUEZON (cropped).jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Quezón]]<br />'''[[Manuel L. Quezon]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Quezon|Tayabas]])}}
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| rowspan="7" | Elected in 1909.<br/>Re-elected in 1912.<br/>Retired in 1916 to run in the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]].
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{USCongressOrdinal|62}}
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1912 – March 3, 1913
|-
| colspan="3" |''Vacant''
| rowspan="3" |[[3rd Philippine Legislature|3rd]]
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[File:ManuelEarnshaw.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Earnshaw]]<br />'''[[Manuel Earnshaw]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Nonpartisan}} |[[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]
| rowspan="2" |Elected in 1913.<br />Retired in 1916.
| March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915
| {{USCongressOrdinal|63}}
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1915 – October 15, 1916
| rowspan="3" | {{USCongressOrdinal|64}}
|-
| rowspan="8" align="left" | [[File:DeVEYRA, JAIME HONORABLE LCCN2016859760.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. de Veyra]]<br />'''[[Jaime C. de Veyra]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" |[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| rowspan="8" |Elected in 1917.<br />Re-elected in 1920.<br />Retired in 1923.
| rowspan="4" |[[4th Philippine Legislature|4th]]
|- style="height:2em"
| October 16, 1916 – March 3, 1917
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
|- style="height:2em"
| March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1919
| {{USCongressOrdinal|65}}
| rowspan=2 align=left | [[File:Philippine Commissioner Yangco Teodoro R. Yangco, Resident Commissioner from the Philippine Islands. Mr. Yangco is well known for his interest in the industrial development and commerce of LCCN2011647838.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Yangco]]<br/>'''[[Teodoro R. Yangco]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Zambales]])}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Nonpartisan}} | [[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]
| rowspan=2 | Elected in 1917.<br/>Retired in 1920.
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1920
| rowspan="3" | {{USCongressOrdinal|66}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[5th Philippine Legislature|5th]]
| rowspan="8" align="left" | [[File:IsauroGabaldon.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Gabaldón]]<br/>'''[[Isauro Gabaldón]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Nueva Ecija, Philippines|Nueva Ecija]])}}
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" |[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| rowspan="8" |Elected in 1920.<br/>Re-elected in 1923.<br/>Re-elected in 1926.<br/>Resigned in 1928 to run in the Philippine House of Representatives.
|- style="height:2em"
| March 4, 1920 – March 3, 1921
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|67}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[6th Philippine Legislature|6th]]
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="11" align="left" | [[File:Pedro Guevara, 1930s.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Guevara]]<br />'''[[Pedro Guevara]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Santa Cruz, Laguna|Santa Cruz]])}}
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| rowspan="11" | Elected in 1923.<br />Re-elected in 1926.<br />Re-elected in 1929.<br />Re-elected in 1932.<br>Retired in 1936 after change of form of government.
| March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1925
| {{USCongressOrdinal|68}}
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1927
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|69}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Philippine Legislature|7th]]
|- style="height:2em"
| March 4, 1927 – July 16, 1928
| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|70}}
|- style="height:2em"
| July 16, 1928 – March 3, 1929
| rowspan="3" |[[8th Philippine Legislature|8th]]
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
|- style="height:2em"
| March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931
| {{USCongressOrdinal|71}}
| rowspan="5" align="left" | [[File:Camilo Osias studio photo.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Osias]]<br/>'''[[Camilo Osías]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Balaoan]])}}
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| rowspan="5" | Elected in 1929.<br/>Re-elected in 1932.<br/>Retired in 1934 to run in the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]].
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|72}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[9th Philippine Legislature|9th]]
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" |March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|73}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th Philippine Legislature|10th]]
|- style="height:2em"
| January 3, 1935 – February 14, 1936
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|74}}
| align="left" | [[File:Francisco_Afan_Delgado.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Delgado]]<br />'''[[Francisco Afan Delgado]]'''<br>{{Small|([[Bulacan, Philippines|Bulacan]])}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| Elected in 1934.<br>Retired in 1936 after change of form of government.
|}

=== Commonwealth era: 1936–1946 ===
{{main|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"

|- style="height:2em"
! Resident commissioner
! Party
! Years
! [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]
![[President of the Philippines|Philippine president]]
! Appointive history

|- style="height:2em"
| align=left | [[File:Quintin_Paredes_photo.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Paredes]]<br />'''{{sortname|Quintín|Paredes}}'''<br>{{Small|([[Bangued]])}}
| bgcolor={{party color|Nacionalista Party}} | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| {{dts|format=mdy|1936|2|14}} – {{dts|format=mdy|1938|9|29}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|74|75}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manuel L. Quezon]]
| Appointed in 1936.<br/>Resigned in 1938 to run in the [[National Assembly of the Philippines|Philippine National Assembly]].

|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[File:Joaquin_Miguel_Elizalde.png|100px|Res. Comm. Elizalde]]<br />'''{{sortname|Joaquín Miguel|Elizalde}}'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Nonpartisan}} | [[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=mdy|1938|9|29}} – {{dts|format=mdy|1944|8|9}}
| rowspan="2" | {{USCongressOrdinal|76|78}}
| rowspan="2" | Appointed in 1938.<br/>Resigned in 1944.
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|- style="height:2em"
|rowspan=2 align=left | [[File:General Carlos P. Romulo.jpg|100px|Res. Comm. Romulo]]<br />'''{{sortname|Carlos P.|Romulo}}'''<br>{{Small|([[Manila, Philippines|Manila]])}}
| bgcolor={{party color|Nacionalista Party}} | [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] <br /> {{small|(1944–1946)}} <br />{{small|.}}
|rowspan=2 | {{dts|format=mdy|1944|8|10}} – {{dts|format=mdy|1946|7|4}}
|rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|78|79}}
|rowspan=2 | Appointed in 1944.<br/>Office eliminated when the United States [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines]] in 1946.
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Philippines)}} | [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] <br /> {{small|(1946)}}
|}

==Philippines's at-large congressional district==
{{Infobox U.S. congressional district
| state = Philippines
| image name = PHL orthographic.svg
| image caption = Location of the Philippines (dark green) in the Asia-Pacific region
| district number = AL
| member type = Resident Commissioner
| representative = N/A
| obsolete = yes
| created = 1907, as a Resident Commissioner was granted by Congress
| eliminated = 1946, as a result of independence of the Philippines
| years = 1907–1946
}}

The resident commissioner represented the Philippines in the [[United States Congress]].

==See also==
* [[List of Asian Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[Resident Commissioner]]
*Representatives of the United States to the Philippines:
**[[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from 1900 to 1935
**[[High Commissioner to the Philippines]] from 1935 to 1946
**[[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines]] from 1946 to the present
*[[List of ambassadors of the Philippines to the United States]], representative of the Philippines to the United States

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title= PI Resident Commissioner - History |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=62915 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
{{U.S. congressional delegations}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1907 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1946 disestablishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1946 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Members of the United States Congress of Filipino descent|*]]
[[Category:Defunct government positions in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Resident commissioners of the Philippines| ]]