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Tiger Management

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Tiger Management Corp.
Company typePrivate
IndustryInvestment management
Founded1980
FounderJulian Robertson
HeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.
ProductsHedge funds
Number of employees
97[citation needed]
Not to be confused with Tiger Global Management or Tiger Asia Management.

Tiger Management Corp. is an American hedge fund and family office founded by Julian Robertson. The fund began investing in 1980 and wound down in March 2000-01.[1] It continues to operate in direct public equity investments and seeding new investment funds. It is colloquially known as the "Tiger Fund", with its alumni commonly referred to as "tiger cubs".[2][3]

History

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Julian Robertson, a stockbroker and former United States Navy officer, started Tiger Management in 1980 with $8 million in capital. By 1996, the fund’s assets had increased to $7.2 billion in value.[4] On April 1, 1996 BusinessWeek carried a cover story written by reporter Gary Weiss, called "Fall of the Wizard", that was critical of Robertson's performance and behavior as founder and manager of Tiger Management.[4] Robertson subsequently sued Weiss and BusinessWeek for $1 billion for defamation. The suit was settled with no money changing hands and BusinessWeek standing by the substance of its reporting.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

With $10.5 billion of assets under management in 1997, it was the second largest hedge fund in the world at the time.[13] Its holdings climbed to $22 billion in 1998.[14] However, in the late 1990s, Tiger Management faced challenges. The fund incurred significant losses during the 1998 Russian financial crisis and Long-Term Capital Management crisis and struggled to recover. Additionally, Robertson expressed concerns about the increasing market volatility and what he viewed as an irrational exuberance in technology stocks during the dot-com bubble.[15]

Tiger's largest equity holding at that time was U.S. Airways, whose financial troubles dragged down the value of the fund's holdings. Such missteps ultimately led him to close his investment company in March 2000 and return all outside capital to investors. Tiger earlier made $2 billion in gains, but gave most of them back during a huge one-day move in the yen in 1998. In September 2001, Robertson distributed 24.8 million greatly devalued U.S. Airways shares over to former investors in Tiger. Robertson declared his intent to keep the stock.[16] U.S. Airways declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002, and shareholders in the airline were wiped out.[17]

Aftermath and legacy

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Main article: List of Tiger Cubs (finance)

After closing his Tiger Fund in 2000, Robertson started to use his own capital, experience, and infrastructure to support and finance ("seed") upcoming hedge fund managers. As of September 2009, Robertson had helped launch 38 hedge funds ("Tiger Seeds") in return for a stake in their fund management companies. Apart from those Tiger Seeds, a considerable number of analysts and managers Robertson employed and mentored at Tiger Management went out on their own and are now running some of the best-known hedge fund firms, called "Tiger Cubs",[18] run by Tiger alumni such as Ole Andreas Halvorsen, Chris Shumway, Lee Ainslie, Stephen Mandel, John Griffin, Philippe Laffont, Dan Morehead, David Gerstenhaber,[19] David Goel,[20] Chase Coleman, Martin Hughes, Bill Hwang and Paul Touradji.

"The modern-day emergence of hedge funds can be attributed to a 1986 article in the Institutional Investor highlighting the extraordinary returns of the Tiger Fund. The article spurred investor interest and financing; since that time, hedge funds have increasingly attracted investment and human capital."[21]

The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2010 that Robertson was considering reopening his firm to outside investors. John Townsend, a former partner at Goldman Sachs, was hired as the chief operating officer, and Robertson's son Alex joined the firm. The new hires were part of a potential expansion that could involve creating a "seeding" fund or a fund of hedge funds for outside investors.[22] According to Institutional Investor magazine, that year many of the Tiger-seeded funds were struggling.[23]

References

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  1. ^ Morgenson, Gretchen (March 31, 2000). "The End of the Game; Tiger Management, Old-Economy Advocate, Is Closing". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Wigglesworth, Robin (January 22, 2023). "RIP the cult of the Tiger cub". Financial Times. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
  3. ^ Fletcher, Lawrence (June 4, 2021). "Tiger Cubs: How Julian Robertson built a hedge fund dynasty". Financial Times. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Weiss, Gary (April 1, 1996). "Fall of the Wizard. Part 1". Business Week. McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original (Magazine article) on January 18, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2009. and "part 2". Archived from the original on January 2, 2013.
  5. ^ Associated Press (November 4, 1997). "Digital, corner newsstands go head-to-head: Question of timing in magazine publishing goes to court". The Fresno Bee. p. D14.
  6. ^ Garigliano, Jeff (June 1, 1997). "Steep libel claims raise concerns". Folio: The Magazine for Magazine Management. Cowles Business Media Inc. p. 19.
  7. ^ Kelly, Keith J. (December 18, 1997). "Money Aside, Manager Settles Suit". New York Daily News. p. 78.
  8. ^ New York Times (January 7, 1997). "Corrections".
  9. ^ Reilly, Patrick M. (April 4, 1997). "Investor files papers signaling intent to sue Business Week for $1 billion". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones.
  10. ^ Wall Street Journal (December 18, 1997). "Business Week Agrees to Settle Libel Suit Brought by Investor". (Dow Jones).
  11. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (November 3, 1997). "Publication Date Open to Dispute In Internet Age" (Newspaper article). New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  12. ^ Truell, Peter (December 18, 1997). "The Media Business; Investor Settles Libel Suit Against Business Week" (Newspaper article). New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  13. ^ "The Hedge Funds: The Rich Get a Little Richer". BusinessWeek. August 25, 1997. Archived from the original on February 25, 1999. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  14. ^ Kelly Bit (June 3, 2014). "Robertson's Stock Picker Singh Said to Become Newest Tiger Cub". Bloomberg News.
  15. ^ TigerGreatGrandcub (July 7, 2023). "Hedge Funds 101: History and Strategies of Tiger Cubs". BuysideInsiders. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  16. ^ Laurence Zuckerman (September 23, 2001). "INVESTING: DIARY; Left Holding the Bag On US Airways Stock". The New York Times.
  17. ^ "US Air files for bankruptcy: Airline gets OK for $75M in emergency financing; shareholders to be wiped out". CNN Money. August 12, 2002.
  18. ^ "list of 38 Tiger Seeds and 32 Tiger Cubs". Opalesque. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  19. ^ "Tiger Cub David Gerstenhaber: The economist whose passion for markets began at age 14". Opalesque TV. November 25, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  20. ^ Taub, Stephen (November 1, 2010). "Are the Tigers losing their stripes?". Institutional Investor. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  21. ^ Stephen M. Davidoff, Black Market Capital, 2008 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 172 (2008) (citing Julie Rohrer, The Red-Hot World of Julian Robertson, Inst. Inv. 86-92 (May 1986)).
  22. ^ "Tiger Sowing Seeds of Growth: Julian Robertson Weighs Reopening Firm to Outsiders a Decade After He Shut Fund". Wall Street Journal. July 21, 2010.
  23. ^ "Tough Year for Tiger Cubs". Institutional Investor. July–August 2010.
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