Rovetta massacre
The Rovetta massacre is the name given to the summary execution that took place here on the night of 27–28 April 1945 of 43 soldiers of the 1ª Divisione d'Assalto "M" della Legione Tagliamento, part of the National Republican Guard (Italy) of the Italian Social Republic.
The surrender
At the end of October 1943, the 1ª Divisione d'Assalto "M" Tagliamento was transferred to Brescia, more particularly to Val Camonica, with orders to defend the lines of communication of the Wehrmacht and the construction sites of the Organisation Todt; also to engage groups of partisans. Territorial contiguity meant that its presence also extended to the Province of Bergamo. On 26 April 1945 a group from the military garrison on the route known as the Cantoniera della Presolana commanded by Sub-lieutenant Roberto Panzanelli heard over the radio that the Nazi Fascist regime had surrendered; they accordingly decided to abandon their garrison and head for Bergamo. They set off along the valley led by one Alessandro Franceschetti carrying a white flag; the latter was the hotelkeeper with whom they had been billeted on the Pass of Presolana. Upon reaching Rovetta they decided to lay down their arms and surrender to the local National Liberation Committee (NLC); the latter agreed that they be treated as prisoners of war with all the attendant safeguards. Sub-lieutenant Panzanelli signed a document to this effect and had it countersigned by the parish priest, Don Bravi, a member of the NLC of Maggiore Pacifico, and others. This committee was self-proclaimed but its guarantees were worthless – a fact unbeknown to Panzanelli. The soldiers laid down their arms and were moved to the village school pending transfer to the jurisdiction of the Italian state or to the armies of the allied forces.
Execution by firing squad
On 28 April a group of partisans belonging to the 53ª Brigata Garibaldi Tredici Martiri, the Brigata Camozzi and the Brigate Fiamme Verdi arrived in the village and took the soldiers from the school to a point near the local cemetery. On the way, one of the prisoners, Fernando Caciolo, managed to escape and hide, finally taking refuge in the house of the priest, Don Bravi, where he stayed for three months before returning to his home village, Anagni. Sub-lieutenant Panzanelli offered up the signed documents showing their guarantee of status as prisoners of war but it had been torn up and trampled underfoot. At the cemetery two firing squads were formed and 43 of the prisoners, all between 15 and 22 years of age, were shot. Three men were spared on account of their youth. One of the men, 20-year-old Giuseppe Mancini, the last to be shot, was forced to take part in the execution of his comrades. It later transpired that Mancini was the son of Edvige Mussolini, the sister of Benito Mussolini.
Responsibility for the massacre
The responsibility for the massacre was attributed to Paolo Poduje, known by the code name of Moicano, a member of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). He it was who gave the order for the soldiers to be removed from the school and executed. The identity of Moicano remained unknown for many decades but witness statements and documents produced at the subsequent trial showed that he had been parachuted to near Pizzo Formico at the beginning of April 1945 as a captain in the Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom) under the command of Count Manfred Beckett Czernin. His task was to make contact with partisan groups in the area, in particular with the group known as Giustizia e Libertà. Theories that Paolo Poduje was responsible for the summary execution at Rovetta were confirmed when Monicano admitted at the beginning of the 21st century that he had indeed ordered the shooting of soldiers of the Italian Social Republic.
The trial
The Italian public prosecutor at Bergamo opened criminal proceedings in 1946. However, in 1951 it was concluded that no one could be found guilty as the summary execution was deemed not to have been a crime but an act of war. This decision was based on the fact that the official occupation of the Province of Bergamo ceased on 1 May 1945.
See also
Sources
- Angelo Bendotti e Elisabetta Ruffini, Gli ultimi fuochi : 28 April 1945, a Rovetta, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna (2008).
- Giuliano Fiorani, Onore - Una strage: perché?, Grafica MA.RO (2005).
- Lodovico Galli, L'eccidio di Rovetta: 28 April 1945 una spietata rappresaglia nella Bergamasca, Montichiari, Zanetto (1994), p. 185.
- Massimo Lucioli e Davide Sabatini, Rovetta 1945, Settimo Sigillo (2001).
- Nazareno Marinoni, La terrazza sul cortile. I fatti di Rovetta del 28 April 1945 nei ricordi di un bambino, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna (2005).
- Carlo Mazzantini, I Balilla andarono a Salò, Venezia, Marsilio (1997).
- Gianpaolo Pansa, Il sangue dei vinti, Milano, Sperling & Kupfer editore (2003), pp. 193-206.
- Grazia Spada, Il Moicano e i fatti di Rovetta, Milano, Medusa Edizioni (2008).