Royal Museum for Central Africa

Royal Museum for Central Africa

View of the museum's main entrance
Location within Belgium
Established	1898
Location	Tervuren, Belgium
Coordinates	50.830889°N 4.518497°E / 50.830889; 4.518497
Type	Ethnography, Natural History and History museum
Director	Guido Gryseels (2001-present)
Public transit access	44 Tram Line
Website	www.africamuseum.be

The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA (Template:Lang-nl or KMMA; Template:Lang-fr or MRAC), colloquially known as the Africa Museum, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. It was first built to showcase King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the 1897 World Exhibition.

The museum focuses on the Congo, a former Belgian colony. The sphere of interest however (especially in biological research) extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa and West Africa, attempting to integrate "Africa" as a whole. Intended originally as a colonial museum, from 1960 onwards it has more focused on ethnography and anthropology. Like most museums, it houses a research department in addition to its public exhibit department.

Not all research pertains to Africa (e.g. research on the archaeozoology of Sagalassos, Turkey). Some researchers have strong ties with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.

As of November 2013, the museum is closed for renovation work (including the construction of new exhibition space) which is expected to last until December 2018 when the museum will reopen.

History

The interior of the original exhibit in the Palais des Colonies

After his Congo Free State was recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, King Leopold II wanted to publicise the civilizing mission and the economic opportunities available in the colony to a wider public, both in Belgium and internationally. After considering other places, the king decided to have a temporary exhibition in his royal estate at Tervuren. When the 1897 International Exposition was held in Brussels, a colonial section was built in Tervuren, connected to the city centre by the monumental Avenue de Tervueren. The Brussels-Tervuren tram line 44 was built at the same time as the original museum by King Leopold II to bring the visitors from the city centre to the colonial exhibition. The colonial section was hosted in the Palais des Colonies (Palace of the Colonies). The building was designed by the Belgian architect Albert-Philippe Aldophe and the classical gardens by French landscape architect Elie Lainé. In the main hall Georges Hobé designed a distinctive wooden Art Nouveau structure to evoke the forest, using Bilinga wood, an African tree. The exhibition displayed ethnographic objects, stuffed animals and Congolese export products (coffee, cacao and tobacco). In the park, a temporary "Human zoo" - a copy of an African village - was built, in which 60 Congolese people lived for the duration of the exhibition. The exposition was a huge success.

In 1898 the Palace of the Colonies became the Museum of the Congo (Musée du Congo) and a permanent exhibition was installed. A decade later, in 1912, a small, similar museum - the Musée africain de Namur (African Museum of Namur) - was opened in Namur. The Museum began to support academic research, but due to the avid collecting of the scientists, the collection soon grew too large for the museum and enlargement was needed. Tervuren became a rich suburb of Brussels. The new museum started construction in 1904 and was designed by the French architect Charles Girault in neoclassical "palace" architecture, reminiscent of Petit Palais in Paris, with large gardens extending into the Tervuren Forest (a part of the Sonian Forest). It was officially opened by King Albert I in 1910 and named the Museum of the Belgian Congo (Musée du Congo Belge or Museum van Belgisch-Kongo). In 1952 the adjective "Royal" was added. In preparation for Expo '58, in 1957 a large building was constructed to accommodate African personnel working in the exhibition: the Centre d'Accueil du Personnel Africain (CAPA). In 1960, following the independence of the Congo, the museum's name was changed to its current title: the Royal Museum for Central Africa.

In late 2013 the museum was closed to allow a major renovation of its exhibits and an extension. Its reopening is planned for December 2018. 66 million euros has been spent on the modernization by the Belgian government. The additional space created will allow contemporary art from Central Africa to be displayed alongside the original colonial exhibits.

Collections

Ethnographic objects on display in the museum

According to the website of the museum, the collection contains:

• 10,000,000 animals
• 250,000 rock samples
• 120,000 ethnographic objects
• 20,000 maps
• 56,000 wood samples
• 8,000 musical instruments
• 350 archives, including some of Henry Morton Stanley's journals

The herbarium collection of the Congo Museum was transferred to that of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium in 1934.

Archives

The museum stores archives documenting its own institutional history, as well as archives of private businesses, organizations, and individuals. As of 2018, online finding aids exist for archives of Alphonse Cabra, musicologist Paul Collaer, geologist Jules Cornet, Francis Dhanis, Félix Fuchs, Cyriaque Gillain, Josué Henry de la Lindi, Charles Lemaire, American Richard Mohun, Emmanuel Muller, German explorer Paul Reichard, Albert Sillye, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley, Émile Storms, Alphonse van Gèle, historian Jan Vansina, Auguste Verbeken, historian Benoît Verhaegen, Gustave Vervloet, and railway enterprises Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga and Groupe Empain.

Research

Dioramma of stuffed animals from the museum before its restoration

The publicly accessible museum itself only represents 25 percent of the activities which the museum covers. The scientific departments, which represent the bulk of the museum's academic and research facilities, (together with the main collections) are housed in the Palace of the Colonies, the Stanley Pavilion and in the CAPA building.

There are 4 departments:

• Department of Cultural Anthropology
  • Ethnography
  • Archaeology and Prehistory
  • Linguistics and Ethnomusicology
  • Anthropology and Ethnohistory
• Department of Geology and Mineralogy
  • General Geology
  • Mineralogy and Petrography
  • Cartography and Photo interpretation
  • Physical and Mineral chemistry
• Department of Zoology
  • Vertebrates (Ornithology, Ichthyology, Herpetology, Osteology and Mammalogy)
  • Entomology
  • Invertebrates non-insects (Arachnology, Myriapodology, Acarology)
• Department of History and General Scientific Services
  • History of the Colonial Period
  • Contemporary History
  • Agricultural and Forest economics (Geomorphology, Laboratory of Wood Biology)

The museum also maintains a library of some 130,000 titles.

Controversy

Monument in the park.

There has been controversy surrounding the Museum. It had been called a museum that "has remained frozen in time" as it showed how a museum looked like in the mid-twentieth century. No mention was made of the savage excesses and pillage during Belgium's colonial era.

The Guardian reported in July 2002 that, after initial outrage by Belgian historians over King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild, the state-funded museum would finance an investigation into Hochschild's allegations. The resulting more modern exhibition "The Memory of Congo" (February–October 2005), tried to tell the story of the Congo Free State before it became a Belgian colony and a less one-sided view of the Belgian colonial era. The exhibition was praised by the international press, with French newspaper Le Monde claiming that "the museum has done better than revisit a particularly stormy page in history...[it] has pushed the public to join it in looking into the reality of colonialism."

Gallery

Panoramic view of Royal Museum for Central Africa

See also

• Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)
• Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
• Brussels Conference Act of 1890
• Archives Africaines of the Belgian SPF Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au Développement

Bibliography

Issued by the museum

• Verswijver; et al., eds. (1995). Masterpieces from Central Africa. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (help)
• Patricia Van Schuylenbergh (1997), La mémoire des Belges en Afrique; Inventaire des archives historiques privées du Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale de 1858 a nos jours (PDF), Inventaire des archives historiques (in French), ISBN 2-87398-006-0
• Toma Muteba Luntumbue & Claire Ponas, ed. (2001). EXITCONGOMUSEUM/Contemporary Art.

About the museum

in English

• "Tervueren", Belgium and Holland (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 397759 – via Internet Archive, Congo Museum {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Jean Muteba Rahier (2003). "Ghost of Leopold II: The Belgian Royal Museum of Central Africa and Its Dusty Colonialist Exhibition". Research in African Literatures. 34.
• Véronique Bragard (2011). "'Indépendance!': The Belgo-Congolese Dispute in the Tervuren Museum". Human Architecture. ISSN 1540-5699.
• Patrick Hoenig (2014). "Visualizing trauma: the Belgian Museum for Central Africa and its discontents". Postcolonial Studies. 17. Institute of Postcolonial Studies, Melbourne. ISSN 1466-1888.

in other languages

• Anne-Marie Bouttiaux (1999). "Des mises en scène de curiosités aux chefs-d'œuvre mis en scène. Le Musée royal de l'Afrique à Tervuren: un siècle de collections". Cahiers d'Études africaines (in French). 39. doi:10.3406/cea.1999.1768 – via Persee.fr.
• Maarten Couttenier (2005). Congo Tentoongesteld. Een geschiedenis van de Belgische antropologie en het Museum van Tervuren (1882-1925) (in Dutch). Leuven: Uitgeverij Acco. OCLC 650023048.
• Maarten Couttenier (2009). "De impact van Congo in het Museum van Belgisch Congo in Tervuren (1897-1946)". In Vincent Viaene (ed.). Congo in België: koloniale cultuur in de metropool (in Dutch). ISBN 9789058677716.

External links

• Official museum site
• Collection etnomusicology
• WorldCat. Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale
• "(Musée du Congo)" – via Europeana.
• Tervuren wiki page on the museum Archived 26 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• Mémoires des Rites Populations of Central Africa-in French but excellent pictures of ethnographic material from RMCA Tervuren.
• Flickr Images tagged RMCA
• Albertine Rift Project To access the many excellent pictures Pick a group (bird, butterfly fish) in top menu then go to the taxa list. Click on the species name if a photo is indicated by a camera pic on the right.
• "Retelling the Story" article in Flanders Today
• HathiTrust. Publications issued by Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale; Musée du Congo (some fulltext)