SARS-related coronavirus: Difference between revisions
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = violet |
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| name = ''SARS coronavirus Urbani'' |
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| image = Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg |
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| virus_group = iv |
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| ordo = ''[[Nidovirales]]'' |
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| familia = ''[[Coronaviridae]]'' |
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| genus = ''[[Coronavirus]]'' |
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| species = '''''SARS coronavirus''''' |
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}} |
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The '''SARS coronavirus''', sometimes shortened to '''SARS-CoV''', is the [[virus]] that causes [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS).<ref name=Thiel>{{cite book | author = Thiel V (editor). | title = Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology | edition = 1st | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-904455-16-5 }}</ref> On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in [[Asia]] and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued a press release stating that the [[coronavirus]] identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in [[New York]], [[San Francisco]], [[Manila]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Toronto]]. |
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On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the [[Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre]] in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] finished mapping the [[genetic sequence]] of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Dr. [[Marco Marra]] and worked in collaboration with the [[British Columbia]] Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], using samples from infected patients in [[Toronto]]. The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). |
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Dr. Donald Low of [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/04/12/sars_code030412.html B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code] - CBCNews, Canada, April 2003</ref> |
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The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups. |
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<!-- The disease caused by the virus was unexpectedly eradicated by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] in [[2005]]{{Verify source|date=March 2008}}. Samples of the virus still exist in 5 labs in the world: [[Hong Kong]], [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Toronto, ON|Toronto]], [[Washington DC]], and [[Manila, Philippines]]. However, it must be noted that the exact relationship between the SARS coronavirus and related animal viri (from which it apparently arose by some simple mutation) is not well resolved, and thus that the same or a similar virus could evolve another time. --> |
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==SARS Coronavirus Morphology== |
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The morphology of the SARS coronavirus is characteristic of the coronavirus family as a whole. These viruses have large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections that form a corona around particles. The envelop of the virus contains lipid and appears to consist of a distinct pair of electron dense shells. The internal component of the shell is a single-stranded helical ribonucleoprotein. There are also long surface projections that protrude from the lipid envelop. The size of these particles are about 80-90nm. |
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==SARS Coronavirus Pathology== |
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Virons first attached themselves to the surface of the host and their envelops fused with the cell membrane and the nucleocapsides enter the cell. The virus does not enter the cell via endocytosis, which is the mechanism employed by other coronaviruses. The viruses replicate their RNA inside the host cells. The SARS coronavirus infects type 2 pneumocytes, which are important for secreting pulmonary surfactants that reduce surface tension and preserves the integrity of alveolar space. SARS also infects type 1 pneumocytes, which are the primary targets early on in the infection. The spike protein also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SARS. The S protein increases ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). |
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==SARS Coronavirus Evolution== |
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SARS is most closely related to group 2 coronaviruses, but it does not segregate into any of the other three groups of coronaviruses. The closest outgroup to the coronaviruses are the toroviruses, with which it has homology in the ORF 1b replicase and the two viron proteins of S and M. SARS was determined to be an early split off from the group 2 coronaviruses based on a set of conserved domains that it shares with group 2. |
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A main difference between group 2 coronovirus and SARS is the nsp3 replicase subunit encoded by ORF1a. SARS does not have a papain-like proteinase 1. |
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==Engineering the SARS Coronavirus== |
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Engineering of SARS virus has been done. In a paper published in 2006, a new transcription circuit was engineered to make recombinant SARS viruses. The recombination allowed for efficient expression of viral transcripts and proteins. The engineering of this transcription circuit reduces the RNA recombinant progeny viruses. The TRS (transcription regulatory sequences) circuit regulates efficient expression of SARS-CoV subgenomic mRNAs. The wild type TRS is ACGAAC. A double mutation results in TRS-1 (ACGGAT) and a triple mutation results in TRS-2 (CCGGAT). When the remodeled TRS circuit containing viruses are genetically recombined with wild type TRS circuits, the result is a circuit reduced in production of subgenomic mRNA. The goal of modifying the SARS virus with this approach is to produce chimeric progeny that have reduced viability due to the incompatibility of the WT and engineered TRS circuits. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Carlo Urbani]] |
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*[[Progress of the SARS outbreak]] |
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*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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|author=J S M Peiris et al. |
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|date=5 April 2003 |
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|title=Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome |
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|journal=[[The Lancet]] |
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|volume=361 |
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|issue=9364 |
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|pages= |
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|url=http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art3477web.pdf |
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|format=PDF}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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|author=Paul A. Rota et al. |
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|date=30 May 2003 |
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|title=Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
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|journal=Science |
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|volume=300 |
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|issue=5624 |
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|pages=1394–1399 |
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|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5624/1394 |
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|doi=10.1126/science.1085952 |
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|pmid=12730500 |
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}}. Published online 1 May 2003; {{Doi|10.1126/science.1085952}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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| author=Marco A. Marra et al. |
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| date=30 May 2003 |
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| title=The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus |
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| journal=Science |
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| volume=300 |
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| issue=5624 |
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| pages=1399–1404 |
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| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5624/1399 |
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| doi=10.1126/science.1085953 |
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| pmid=12730501 |
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}}. Published online 1 May 2003; {{Doi|10.1126/science.1085953}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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|author=Snijder EJ et al. |
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|date=29 August 2003 |
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|title=Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage |
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|journal=[[J Mol Biol]] |
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|volume=331 |
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|issue=5 |
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|pages=991-1004 |
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|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12927536}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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|author=Yount B et al. |
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|date=15 August 2006 |
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|title=Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome |
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|journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]] |
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|volume=103 |
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|issue=33 |
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|pages=12546-51 |
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|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez}} |
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* {{cite book | author = Thiel V (editor). | title = Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology | edition = 1st | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-904455-16-5 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Enjuanes L, et al.|year=2008|chapter=Coronavirus Replication and Interaction with Host|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-22-6}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus] |
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* [http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS/ The SARS virus genetic map] |
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* [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/sars/ ''Science'' special on the SARS virus] (free content: no registration required) |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050301194019/http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/resource/sars.htm McGill University SARS Resources] (From web archive) |
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* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home] |
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{{Viral diseases}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sars Coronavirus}} |
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[[Category:Severe acute respiratory syndrome|coronavirus]] |
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[[Category:Nidovirales]] |
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[[ko:사스 바이러스]] |
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[[nl:SARS-virus]] |
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[[ja:SARSウイルス]] |
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[[pl:Wirus SARS]] |
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Revision as of 19:37, 18 January 2010
vinicius