# SWR meter

An SWR meter to be used with CB radio equipment

The SWR meter or VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) meter measures the standing wave ratio in a transmission line. The meter can be used to indicate the degree of mismatch between a transmission line and its load (usually a radio antenna), or evaluate the effectiveness of impedance matching efforts.

## Directional SWR Meter

A directional SWR meter measures the magnitude of the forward & reflected waves by sensing each one individually, with directional couplers. A calculation can then be performed to arrive at the SWR.

A simple directional SWR meter

Referring to the above diagram, the transmitter (TX) and antenna (ANT) terminals are connected via an internal transmission line. This main line is electromagnetically coupled to two smaller sense lines (directional couplers) which are terminated with resistors at one end, and diode rectifiers at the other. Sometimes a printed circuit board using three parallel traces is used to make the transmission line and the two sensing lines. The resistors are chosen to match the characteristic impedance of the sense lines. The diodes convert the magnitudes of the forward & reverse waves to FWD and REV DC voltages, respectively, which are then smoothed by the capacitors.[1]

Interior view of an SWR meter. The three parallel coupled lines are visible. Diodes, capacitors and termination resistors are mounted at the ends of the sense lines.

To calculate the VSWR, first calculate the reflection coefficient:

${\displaystyle \Gamma ={\frac {V_{rev}}{V_{fwd}}}}$

Then calculate the VSWR:

${\displaystyle VSWR={\frac {1+\Gamma }{1-\Gamma }}}$

In a passive meter, this is usually indicated on a non-linear scale.

For decades [2], radio operators have built and used a simple tuning and diagnostic tool, called an SWR meter. With shielding compromised, a pair of coax or twinline transmission lines, placed close enough, will suffer crosstalk. A wave moving in the driven line will induce waves in the measurement line. Placed in parallel (straight or loosely coiled) a driven wave will reinforce/cancel an induced wave in the same/opposite direction. If cable pair exceeds half wavelength, cancellation is complete, and power dissipated in matched termination is approximately proportional to the forward and reflected power.

Measurement of matched termination
Measurement of mismatched termination

The approximation improves as crosstalk weakens and harmonic number increases. Over decades nonlinear high gain amplifiers have replaced nonlinear electromechanical movements which replaced incandescent bulbs, to require less crosstalk and improve linear frequency range.

Because all frequencies above minimum contribute, the measured ratio is a single frequency quality measure, that increases with unintended harmonics and spurious emissions, as well as actual VSWR. By analogy, the measurement cable is a crystal radio (non-discriminating receiver) representing all the radio receivers that might suffer interference from dirty emissions. Though called an SWR Meter, a low measured ratio indicates not only good match, but also clean A3, F3, or G3 emission without excessive harmonics nor spurious (out-of-channel) power.

## SWR Bridge

SWR can also be measured using an impedance bridge circuit. The bridge is balanced (0 volts across the detector) only when the test impedance exactly matches the reference impedance. When a transmission line is mismatched (SWR > 1:1), its input impedance deviates from its characteristic impedance; thus, a bridge can be used to determine the presence or absence of a low SWR.

To test for a match, the reference impedance of the bridge is set to the expected load impedance (for example, 50 ohms), and the transmission line connected as the unknown impedance. RF power is applied to the circuit. The voltage at the line input represents the vector sum of the forward wave, and the wave reflected from the load. If the characteristic impedance of the line is known to be 50 ohms, we know the magnitude and phase of the forward wave; it is the same wave present on the other side of the detector. Subtracting this known wave from the wave present at the line input yields the reflected wave. Properly designed, a bridge circuit can be used not only to indicate a match, but the degree of mismatch - thus making it possible to calculate the SWR. This usually involves alternately connecting the reference wave and the reflected wave to a power meter, and comparing the magnitudes of the resulting deflections.[3]

## Limitations

An SWR meter does not measure the actual impedance of a load (the resistance and reactance), but only the mismatch ratio. To measure the actual impedance, an antenna analyzer or other similar RF measuring device is required. For accurate readings, the SWR meter must be matched to the line impedance, usually 50 or 75 ohms. To accommodate multiple impedances, some SWR meters have switches on the rear, to select the resistance appropriate for the sense lines.

An SWR meter should be connected to the line as close as possible to the antenna: All practical transmission lines have a certain amount of loss, which causes the reflected wave to be attenuated as it travels back along the line. Thus, the SWR is highest closest to the load, and only improves as the distance from the load increases, creating the false impression of a matched system.[4]

## Notes

1. ^ ARRL Antenna Book, 2007, p. 27-21.
2. ^ The Tandem Match - An Accurate Directional Wattmeter
3. ^ ARRL Antenna Book, 2007, p. 27-3.
4. ^ ARRL Antenna Book, 2007, p. 28-7.

## References

• The ARRL Antenna Book (21st ed.), The American Radio Relay League, Inc., 2007, ISBN 0-87259-987-6
• Bill Kaune, W7IEQ (2012), A Modern Directional Power/SWR Meter (PDF), The American Radio Relay League, Inc.
• John Brebenkemper, KI6WX (1997), The Tandem Match - An Accurate Directional Wattmeter, The American Radio Relay League, Inc.