Said Akl

For the journalist, see Saïd Akl.

Said Akl Saýid Ýaql سعيد عقل
Born	4 July 1912 Zahlé, Lebanon
Died	28 November 2014 (aged 102) Beirut, Lebanon
Occupation	Poet, philosopher, writer, playwright, linguist and ideologue

Said Akl (Template:Lang-ar, saʿīd ʿaql, also transliterated Saïd Akl, Said Aql and Saeed Akl; 4 July 1912 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, philosopher, writer, playwright and language reformer. He was considered one of the most important modern Lebanese poets.

He was also an advocate of Lebanese identity and nationalism and the Lebanese language, designing a Latin-based "Lebanese alphabet" made up of 36 letters. His writings include poetry and prose both in Lebanese dialect and in classical Arabic language. He has also written theatre pieces and authored many popular songs.

Personal life

Akl was born in either 1912 to a Maronite family in the city of Zahle, Lebanon. After losing his father at the age of 15, he had to drop out of school and later worked as a teacher and then as a journalist. He then studied theology, literature and Islamic history, becoming a university instructor and subsequently lecturing in a number of Lebanese universities, educational and policy institutes. He died in Beirut, Lebanon at the age of 102 or 103.

Ideology

During his early years, Akl was an adherent of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (in Arabic الحزب السوري القومي الإجتماعي) led by Antun Saadeh, eventually being expelled by Saadeh due to irreconcilable ideological disputes.

Akl adopted a powerful doctrine of the authentic millennial character of Lebanon resonating with an exalted sense of Lebanese dignity. His admiration to the Lebanese history and culture was marked by strong enmity towards an Arab identity of Lebanon. He was quoted saying, “I would cut off my right hand just not to be an Arab”. In 1968 he stated that literary Arabic would vanish from Lebanon.

For Akl Lebanon was the cradle of culture and the inheritor of the Oriental civilization, well before the arrival of the Arabs on the historical stage. He emphasized the Phoenician legacy of the Lebanese people.

He is known for his radical Lebanese nationalistic sentiments; in 1972, he helped found the Lebanese Renewal Party (in Arabic حزب التجدّد اللبناني transliterated as Hizb al Tajaddod al Lubnaani) which was proposed by May Murr, a well known writer and researcher of ancient Lebanese history and a staunch supporter of Akl. This party was a non-sectarian party that adhered to Lebanese Nationalism. During the Lebanese Civil War, Akl served as the spiritual leader of the Lebanese Nationalist movement Guardians of the Cedars (in Arabic حرّاس الأرز), which was led by Étienne Saqr.

Lebanese language and alphabet

Said Akl's book Yara and an excerpt from the book in his proposed Lebanese alphabet

Akl was an ideologue for promotion of the Lebanese language as independent of Arabic language. Although acknowledging the influence of Arabic, he argued that Lebanese language was equally if not more influenced by Phoenician languages and promoted the use of the Lebanese dialect written in a modified Latin alphabet, rather than the Arabic one.

His designed alphabet for the Lebanese language using the Latin alphabet in addition to a few newly designed letters and some accented Latin letters to suit the Lebanese phonology. The proposed Lebanese alphabet designed by Akl contained 36 letters. The proposed alphabet was as follows:

position		Arabic graph	Akl graph	Classical name	Akl Levantine name
Akl	Hijā'ī
1	1	ا	C [C with stroke diacritic]	alif	caleef
2	2	ب	B	bā'	be
3	2	پ	P	(pā')	pe
4	3	ت	T	tā'	te
4	4	ث	T [merges with te]	thā'	te
5	16	ط	T [T with stroke diacritic]	tā'	taah
6	5	ج	J	jĩm	jiin
7	6	ح	X	ḥā’	xe
8	7	خ	K	khā’	ke
9	8	د	D	dāl	daal
9	9	ذ	D [merges with daal]	dhāl	daal
10	15	ض	D with (space) diacritic	ḍād	daad
11	10	ر	R	rā	re
12	11	ز	Z	zayn/zāy/zā	zayn
13	17	ظ	ƶ [Z with diacritic]	ẓā’	ƶaah
14	12	س	S	sĩn	siin
15	14	ص	S [S with diacritic]	ṣād	saad
16	13	ش	C	shĩn	ciin
17	18	ع	Ý [Y with diacritic]	‘ayn	ýayn
18	19	غ	G	ghayn	gayn
19	21	ق	G with (space) diacritic	qāf	ge
20	20	ف	F	fā'	fe
21	20	ڤ	V	(vā')	ve
22	22	ك	Q	kāf	qaaf
23	23	ل	L	lām	laam
24	24	م	M	mĩm	miim
25	25	ن	N	nūn	nuun
26	26	ه	H	hā'	he
27	27	و	W	wāw	waaw
28	30	ـَ	A	fatḥah	a
29	33	ـَا	AA/A with diacritic	fatḥah alif	aa
30	31	ـِ	I	kasrah	i
30	34	ـِي	(II)	kasrah yā'	ii, i (word finally)
31	36	ـَي	E	fatḥah yā’	e
32	29	ـَ	E with truncation	fatḥah	e/ə
33	37	ـَو	O	fatḥah wāw	o
34	32	ـُ	U	ḍammah	u
35	35	ـُو	UU/U with diacritic	ḍammah wāw	uu, u (word finally)
36	28	ي	Y	yā'	ye

LEBNAAN in proposed Said Akl alphabet (issue #686)

LEBNAAN in Lebanese dialect using Arabic alphabet (9 February 1977 issue)

Starting in the 1970s Akl offered a prize to whoever authored the best essay in Lebanese Arabic. Since then the Said Akl awards have been granted to many Lebanese intellectuals and artists. He published his poetry book Yara completely using his proposed Lebanese alphabet, thus becoming the first book ever to be published in this form. In later years, he also published his poetry book Khumasiyyat in the same alphabet. He published the tabloid newspaper Lebnaan using the Lebanese dialect. It was published in two versions, لبنان (transliteration and pronunciation Lubnan which means Lebanon in Arabic language) using Lebanese dialect written in traditional Arabic alphabet, the other Lebnaan (Lebanese Arabic for Lebanon) in his proposed Lebanese Latin-based alphabet.

Works

Akl has numerous writings ranging from theatrical plays, epics, poetry and song lyrics. His first published work was released in 1935, a theatrical play written in Arabic. His works are written in either Lebanese Arabic, literary Arabic, or French. He is also known for writing lyrics of many well-known songs, including "Zahrat al Madaen" (in Arabic زهرة المدائن) sung by Fairuz.

• 1935: Bint Yifta' (theater) – (in Arabic بنت يفتاح)
• 1937: Al Majdaliyyah (Epic) – (in Arabic المجدليّة)
• 1944: Qadmos (theater) – (in Arabic قدموس)
• 1950: Rindalah – (in Arabic رندلى)
• 1954: Mushkilat al Nukhba – (in Arabic مشكلة النخبة)
• 1960: Ajmal minki...? La! – (in Arabic !أجمل منك...؟ لا
• 1960: Lubnaan in haka – (in Arabic لبنان إن حكى)
• 1961: Ka's el Khamr (in Arabic كأس الخمر)
• 1961: Yara (using his designed Lebanese alphabet) (in Arabic يارا)
• 1961: Ajraas al Yasmeen (in Arabic أجراس الياسمين)
• 1972: Kitab al Ward (in Arabic كتاب الورد)
• 1979: Qasaed min Daftari (in Arabic قصائد من دفتري)
• 1974: Kama al A'mida (in Arabic كما الأعمدة)
• 1978: Khumasiyyat (using his designed Lebanese alphabet) (in Arabic خماسيّات)

In 1981 he also published poems in French

In popular culture

Anthems

• Akl proposed the lyrics for an anthem for the pan-Syrian Syrian Social Nationalist Party, but this was rejected by its founder Antun Saadeh, who proposed another anthem for the party that he had written in prison. When asked about what he wrote, Akl denied writing it, and said that it was a certain Wadih Khalil Nasrallah (a relative of Akl by marriage) who wrote the lyrics.
• Akl wrote the anthem of another pan-Arab movement, Jam'iyyat al Uruwwa al Wuthqa (in Arabic جمعية العروة الوثقى).

Songwriting

Akl has also written poems that were turned into pan-Arab anthem songs with music from the Rahbani Brothers and sung by the Lebanese diva Feyrouz. These include "Zahrat al Madaen" (in Arabic زهرة المدائن) about Palestine, "Ghannaytou Makkah" (in Arabic غنّيتُ مكة ) about Islam and "Saailiini ya Sham" (in Arabic سائليني يا شام ) about Syria, "Ruddani ila biladi" (in Arabic ردني إلى بلادي ) about Lebanon and "Ummi ya malaki" (in Arabic أمي يا ملاكي ) about his mother.

Media

Said Akl wrote as a journalist in a number of publications, notably the Lebanese Al-Jarida newspaper and the weekly Al-Sayyad magazine. In the 1990s, Akl also wrote a front-page personal column in the Lebanese As-Safir newspaper

See also

• Phoenicianism
• Guardians of the Cedars
• Lebanese Arabic

Further reading

• Hind Adeeb, شعرية سعيد عقل, Dar Al Farabi Editions (Arabic)
• Plonka Arkadiusz, L’idée de langue libanaise d’après Sa‘īd ‘Aql, Paris, Geuthner, 2004 (French), ISBN 2-7053-3739-3.
• Plonka Arkadiusz, "Le nationalisme linguistique au Liban autour de Sa‘īd ‘Aql et l’idée de langue libanaise dans la revue «Lebnaan» en nouvel alphabet", Arabica, 53 (4), 2006, pp. 423–471. (French).
• Jean Durtal, Saïd Akl: Un grand poète libanais, Nouvelles Editions Latine, 1970 (French)
• Elie Kallas e Anna Montanari, Akl Said, Yaara – Inno alla donna, Venezia, Cafoscarina, 1997.
• Franck Salameh, "Language Memory and Identity in the Middle East; The Case for Lebanon", (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), ISBN 0-7391-3738-7

External links

• Poet Said Akl- All Poems
• Said Akl's biography