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Sarny

Coordinates: 51°20′14″N 26°36′21″E / 51.33722°N 26.60583°E / 51.33722; 26.60583
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For other uses, see Sarny (disambiguation).
Sarny
Сарни Template:Uk icon
Сáрны Template:Ru icon
Sarny Template:Pl icon
Central part of Sarny
Central part of Sarny
Flag of Sarny
Flag
Coat of arms of Sarny
Coat of arms
Country Ukraine
Oblast Rivne Oblast
Raion Sarny Raion
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
28,604

Sarny (Template:Lang-uk, Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-pl) translated as Does, is a small city in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Sarny Raion (district), and is a major railway node on the Sluch River.

The current estimated population is 28,604 (2011).

History

History to 1939

Sarny at its outset was a small village on the Polesia-Wolhyn border, located between forests and swamps.[1][2] Its name is derived from the word "serna", referring to the wild goats that roamed freely in the area at the time.[2]

Sarny was a part of the Kingdom of Halych-Volhynia. It was later annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1795 it was considered a part of the Russian Empire,[2] as part of the Volhynian Governorate. It later became part of the estate of General Felix Dzerzhinsky.[1]

The railway reached Sarny in 1885, which was the same year that Sarny was formally constituted as a city.[2] It became an important junction between railways of Rivne-Luninets and Kovel-Korosten, particularly after the construction of a railroad station in 1901, tied to the rail line linking Kiev to Kovel,[3] which was known as "the southwest line" and which now joined "the Polesia line". Concurrently, a large locomotive depot was constructed and Sarny became a centre of railroad activity, resulting in a need for construction of new housing for railway employees.[1]

Sarny was one of a series of towns and cities designated as railway station locations at key area boundaries. These municipalities were distinguished by the extent to which they were associated with manufacturing and markets, including being points for the concentration of agricultural produce for export. Lumber manufacturing also became an important and growing industry in Sarny, given that it was surrounded by forests.[3]

Sarny became a focal point of the settlement of Russian Jews, commencing as of 1903, following the pogroms at Kishinev, when Sarny was under Russian rule. Russian Interior Minister Vyacheslav von Plehve published a list of villages in which Jews were given "permission" to live, one of which was Sarny.[3] General Dzerzhinsky travelled to St. Petersburg and obtained a permit to constitute Sarny as a "permitted town" for Jewish residents. By royal decree, every 100 villages were entitled to build a town in which Jews were permitted to live. Once he had obtained the permit, General Dzerzhinsky commenced to lease his land to Jewish residents, who were only permitted to lease, rather than to buy his land.[1]

In 1912, the first bank was established in Sarny—the Sarny Mutual Credit & Loan—in response to the financing requirements of forest products and textile merchants.[1]

Prior to 1914, there was one private school and no public schools in Sarny. The private school was a Russian school with four grades, owned by management of the railroad and primarily for the benefit of the children of railroad employees.[1] During this same period, there were no medical facilities in Sarny, and only one physician in the city.[1]

Sarny became a focal point for a large number of orphans fleeing the Petlura pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920.[1] The city was annexed to Poland, following the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921.[3] Due to the city's proximity to the Russian border, it became a Polish military centre following the Polish-Soviet War. In addition, prior to the outbreak of World War II, an airfield was constructed beside Sarny.[4]

The city's economic zenith occurred after World War I, particularly during the period of Polish rule between 1921 and 1939, involving close economic and social relationships with the neighbouring city of Rovno,[5] which had been the previous provincial seat, prior to Polish rule.[1]

In 1921, the city became part of the Second Polish Republic. Sarny also developed close economic ties with the metropolitan centres of Poland, such as Warsaw and Lodz.[1] In Poland, it was the seat of a Sarny county (powiat), firstly in Polesie Voivodeship, then, since 1930 - in Wołyń Voivodeship. During this period, four hotels were constructed around the railway station, serving the needs of lumber merchants, in particular.[1] In addition, Sarny had a ten-person police force, a functioning courthouse with permanent judge and secretary, a post office and, what was particularly important for the time, a government store selling hard liquor.[1]

As of 1921, approximately 50% of the town was composed of persons primarily of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian backgrounds, who were also Jewish,[3] amounting to approximately 2,800 individuals.[6] The city was divided by the rail line, with Jewish residents predominantly on one side, and predominantly non-Jewish residents on the other: the "Polesia side".[1] Parallel education systems developed for Jewish and non-Jewish residents, since there was a 10% quota limiting Jewish students from attending public secondary schools.[7]

Despite Sarny being a county seat in Poland and under Polish legislative rule, the dominant social influence at the time was Ukrainian, including Ukrainian nationalist sentiments.[3]

In the 1930s, Polish military authorities constructed a number of fortifications in the area of Sarny, known as the Sarny Fortified Area (Sarnenski Rejon Umocniony), along the Sluch river.

1939-1944; Sarny Massacre (1942), Volhynian Genocide (1943)

In 1939, Sarny was occupied by Russian forces following the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and the Soviet invasion of Poland. The Russian advance met with Polish resistance. Sarny became a concentration point for units under the command of Brigadier General Wilhelm Orlik-Rückemann. The "Sarny" regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Nikodem Sulik, provided cover. The regiment stemmed the attack of the Soviet 60th Rifle Division, based on the strong fortifications of the Sarny Fortified Area. A crew of a single bunker, under the command of Second Lieutenant Jan Bołbot, lasted out in its position until September 19, delaying the advance of Soviet units.[8]

The city was captured by Nazi Germany on July 8, 1941, following the repudiation by Germany of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and the German attack on Russia on June 22, 1941.

At the time, Sarny had a Jewish population of approximately 5,000 persons.[9] While Russian troops retreated, Ukrainian nationalists did not retreat with the Russian forces, but instead saw an opportunity to support the independence of Ukraine through alliances with the Nazis.

Subsequent to the German occupation, the Nazis commandeered Jews of Sarny as forced labour. In addition, the Jewish population was forced to turn over most of its assets to the Nazis, with orders largely enforced by Ukrainian police.[9]

In April 1942, a ghetto was established in Sarny, into which were forced the Jews from Sarny and the surrounding towns.[10]

In August 1942, Sarny was the scene of what came to be known as the Sarny Massacre. Over two days, on August 27–28, 1942, between 14,000 and 18,000 people, mostly Jews from Sarny and surrounding towns, including an estimated 100 Roma, were systematically executed in the ravines on the outskirts of the town, where pits had been prepared. The executions were carried out by German troops and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, assisted by some 200 members of Organization Todt.[2][11][12] A memorial book of the history of the Jewish community in Sarny was published in 1961, containing first person accounts by community survivors.[13]

During the Volhynian Genocide, commencing in 1943, Sarny was a shelter for ethnic Polish population of Volhynian countryside, massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In May 1943, German authorities created a Polish police unit, which defended the town from the Ukrainians. In 1944, most Poles were transported either to the General Government, or to the Third Reich as OST-Arbeiters.

1944-Present

Sarny was reclaimed by Soviet forces on January 11, 1944. Since 1944, it has been a part of Ukrainian SSR and later independent Ukraine, as of 1991.[2]

In 1972, a Russian tank, the SU-76i, adapted from the Panzer, was discovered in the river around Sarny. It was determined that it was a tank that had attempted to cross the river on January 11, 1944, in support of the advance of the Russian 143rd Rifle Division on Sarny. The tank broke through the ice and sank with its crew. Upon its discovery in 1972, the tank was recovered, renovated and put on display at the then Lenin Prospekt Memorial in Sarny.[14]

Contemporary Sarny has predominantly an agriculture-based economy.[2] Through to the 1990s, it was considered to be an industrial and transportation centre, with its principal industries being machine building and metalworking, building materials, woodworking and flax processing.[15] The city and its economy were affected by the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, despite its distance from it.[16] There is interest in renewed investment in the sawmill industry in Sarny.[17]

Climate

Climate data for Sarny (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		7.3
(45.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		29
(1.1) 		44
(1.7) 		59
(2.3) 		93
(3.7) 		80
(3.1) 		62
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		43
(1.7) 		41
(1.6) 		42
(1.7) 		621
(24.4)
Source: NOAA[18]


Notable Persons

Polish economist Czeslaw Bobrowski (1904-1996) was born in Sarny.

  • Road near Sarny
    Road near Sarny
  • Sarny catholic church
    Sarny catholic church

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns — Sister cities

Sarny is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Shlomo Zandweiss, Sarny – Its Creation, Existence and Destruction. Contained in Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-08-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Uncredited, Wildlife, Legends and History make Sarny a Memorable Destination; Ukraine Channel. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ben-Zion Dinor, The Origins and Configuration of Sarny. Contained in Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
  4. ^ Baruch Raks, From the Beginning to the End. Contained in Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  5. ^ Aryeh Avtikhi, That Was The Sarny of The Past. Contained in Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  6. ^ Uncredited, About Sarny; Before America. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  7. ^ Bronia Cimmerman Bronkesh, Sarny, Poland 1921-1941, contained in "My Life Before America 1921-1947"; Before America. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  8. ^ Wieczorkiewicz, Paweł Piotr (2001). Kampania 1939 roku. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 98. ISBN 83-88072-53-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help). Some of the bunkers making up this line still exist.
  9. ^ a b Zvi Pearlstein, The Ghetto- The Beginning of The End. Contained in Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
  10. ^ Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press 2010, p. 351.
  11. ^ Alex Levin, Under the Yellow & Red Stars. Azrieli Foundation, 2009, p. 20, fn. 10.
  12. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Profile of Itzhak Gendelman. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  13. ^ Y. Kariv, (ed.), Jacob Solomon Berger (trans.), Sefer yizkor le-kehiat Sarny (Memorial book of the Community of Sarny), Tel Aviv, 1961. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  14. ^ Achtung Panzer, German Panzers SU-76i. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  15. ^ Uncredited, Sarny. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 1993. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  16. ^ Uncredited, Hundreds growing up under radiation cloud helped by charity Mission Without Borders. Mission Without Borders, February 1, 2011. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  17. ^ European Business Association, Investments into the Ukrainian wood-processing industry are increasing. "News from Members", July 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  18. ^ "Sarny Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
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51°20′14″N 26°36′21″E / 51.33722°N 26.60583°E / 51.33722; 26.60583

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