Severity factor
A severity factor is established as a coefficient to assess the dielectric severity supported by a transformer winding considering the incoming transient overvoltage (voltage spike). It determines the safety margin regarding to the standard acceptance tests either in the frequency or time domain.
Severity factors are a newly concept for analyzing the dielectric severity supported along transformer windings when a transformer is submitted to a non-standardized transient voltage waveform induced from the power system.
Two are the new factors considered for evaluating the severity supported by the insulation windings both in factory and in service. One factor is called Time Domain Severity Factor (TDSF) and another one is the Frequency Domain Severity Factor (FDSF).
Background
One first approach to the concept of severity factor was made by Malewski et al.[1] Later, Asano et al. applied the Malewski’s idea for further analysis but including the concept of Energy Spectral Density (ESD) associated to the transient voltage wave.[2] A step forward was given by Rocha et al., whom introduced a new coefficient called Frequency Domain Severity Factor (FDSF).[3][4] For those situations where an internal assessment is necessary a new coefficient named Time Domain Severity Factor (TDSF) was proposed by Casimiro Alvarez-Mariño & Xose M. Lopez-Fernandez.[4][5][6]
Frequency Domain Severity Factor (FDSF)
The FDSF is calculated at transformer terminals and it is mathematically defined as
where ω is the angular frequency, ESDnoStd(ω) is the maximum energy spectral density of the input no-standard transient voltage applied at transformer terminals and ESDenvol(ω) is the energy spectral density envelope for all standards dielectric tests at terminals.
Time Domain Severity Factor (TDSF)
The TDSF gives further detailed information on the severity supported by the transformer windings due to the transient event coming from the power system, regarding to the internal transient response due to dielectric tests in the time domain. The mathematical expression of this factor is
where ∆VnoStd(i) is the maximum voltage drop along the ith dielectric path due to the no-standard transient events and ∆Venvol(i) is the maximum voltage drop along the same ith dielectric path for all standards dielectric tests.
See also
References
- ^ R. Malewski, J. Douville, L. Lavallee, "Measurement of Switching Transients in 735 kV Substations and Assessment of their Severity for Transformer Insulation," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.3, no.4, pp.1380-1390, Oct. 1988.
- ^ Asano, R., Rocha, A., Bastos, G. M., “Electrical Transient Interaction Between Transformers and the Power System”, CIGRÉ A2-D1 Colloquium, Brugge, Belgium, October 2007.
- ^ A. C. O. Rocha, “Electrical Transient Interaction Between Transformers and the Power Systems”, CIGRÉ Session 2008, pp. 1-10, Paris France, August 2008.
- ^ a b Joint Working Group SC A2 CIGRÉ, "Electrical Transient Interaction between Transformers and Power Systems Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine", Technical Brochure JWGA2/C439, Part-1 Expertise&Part-2 Case Studies, April 2014
- ^ C. Álvarez-Mariño, Xose M. Lopez-Fernandez, A. J. M. Jácomo-Ramos, R. A. F. Castro-Lopes, J. M. Duarte-Couto, "Time Domain Severity Factor (TDSF): Induced Transient Voltage Between Transformer and Vacuum Circuit Breakers," COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol.31 no.2, pp.670-681, 2012.
- ^ Xose m. Lopez-Fernandez and Casimiro Alvarez-Mariño, "Induced Transient Voltage Performance Between Transformers and VCB. Severity Factors and Case Studies,"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Issue 99., April 2015.
Further reading
- Electrical transient interaction between transformers and the power system: case study of an onshore wind farm (PDF). 2016.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - Exposure Surge transformer insulation systems the impulse voltage test and operating conditions (in Polish) (PDF). PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 92 NR 10/2016.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - General Analysis of Vacuum Circuit Breaker Switching Overvoltages in Offshore Wind Farms. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2016.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - External and Internal Overvoltages in a 100 MVA Transformer During High-Frequency Transients (PDF). International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2015) in June 15–18, 2015. Cavtat, Croatia.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - Transformers and electric grid transient interactions – The phenomena and some topics to consider in insulation design. Transformer Life Management Conference (TLM2014).
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