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Sheck Exley

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Sheck Exley
Born(1949-04-01)April 1, 1949
DiedApril 6, 1994(1994-04-06) (aged 45)
El Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico
NationalityUnited States
OccupationAutomobile dealer / high school math teacher
Known forCave diving pioneer

Sheck Exley (April 1, 1949 – April 6, 1994) was an American cave diver. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of cave diving,[1][2] and he wrote two major books on the subject: Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival[3] and Caverns Measureless to Man.[4] On February 6, 1974, Exley became the first chairman of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society.[5][6] During his career, he established many of the basic safety procedures used in cave and overhead diving today.[2] Exley was also a pioneer of extreme deep scuba diving.[citation needed]

For purposes of rescue during cave diving, Exley helped standardize the usage of the "octopus", a redundant second stage diving regulator that can be used as a backup in the event the diver's primary second stage fails, or alternatively, to allow the diver and his buddy to have simultaneous access to the diver's gas if the buddy has an out-of-gas emergency.[2] The octopus is now considered an essential piece of equipment among virtually all scuba divers, whether caving or in open water.[citation needed]

He died at age 45 while trying to set a depth record by diving the world's deepest sinkhole, Mexico's 1,080-foot (330 m) deep, Zacatón, a fresh water cenote.[7]

In the book, Diving into Darkness (a story about Dave Shaw and Don Shirley), the author comments: "Exley's status in the sport is almost impossible to overstate".[8]

Early life and career outside of diving

Exley began diving in 1965 at the age of 16. That same year he entered his first cave and was hooked on cave diving for the rest of his life. To finance this passion, Exley worked as a mathematics teacher at Suwannee High School in Live Oak, Florida.[9][10]

In spring 1973, Exley served as an aquanaut during an eight-day mission aboard the Hydrolab underwater habitat in the Bahamas.[11]

Records

Exley was the first in the world to log over 1000 cave dives (at the age of 23); in 29 years of cave diving he made over 4000 dives.[9]

Exley had an unusual resistance to nitrogen narcosis, and was one of the few divers to survive a 400-foot (120 m) open-water dive on simple compressed air. In acting as a safety diver for two divers trying to set an air-only depth record in 1970, Exley reached 465 feet (142 m) in salt water, but could go no deeper due to narcosis and the start of blackout (the two record-depth attempting unconscious divers died just out of reach beneath him, and such air-depth records are no longer sought or recorded).[12] During his diving career, he set numerous depth and cave penetration records.[9][13]

Sheck Exley is one of only eleven people in the history of technical SCUBA diving to dive below 800 feet (240 m), as well as the first.[14] His carefully planned multistage decompressions from these dives, in open water (not in a decompression tank), sometimes required times of as much as 13.5 hours. However, he never suffered a classic case of decompression sickness in his career.[15]

Exley and German cave diver Jochen Hasenmayer became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other.[16][17]

Death

Exley died, aged 45, on April 6, 1994 while attempting to descend to a depth of over 1,000 feet (300 m) in a freshwater cenote, or sinkhole, called Zacatón in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.[8][9][18] He made the dive as part of a dual dive with Jim Bowden, but Bowden aborted his descent early when his gas supply ran low. Exley's body was recovered when his support crew hauled up his unused decompression tanks, when it was found that he had looped into the descent line, perhaps to sort out gas issues.[8][9] His wrist-mounted dive computer read a maximum depth of 906 feet (276 m).[19]

The cause of Exley's death could not be determined. Team members concluded the causes "...could include stress of HPNS exacerbated by the narcotic effects of nitrogen at that depth".[20] The line was also wrapped (deliberately) around Exley's tank valves. Bowden and other experts have theorized that Exley may have done this in anticipation of his own death to prevent any dangerous body recovery operations.[8]

Books about Exley

Some of Exley's exploits are described in Daniel Lenihan's book Submerged (2002). This book describes Exley as an influential dive buddy of the author as well as Exley's formation of the National Park Service's Submerged Resources Center.[21]

References

  1. ^ Ling, Rodger (July 2005). "Eulogy for an Explorer". Rodger Ling. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Burgess, Robert F. (1999). "Cave Diving: Evolution of the Sport". The Cave Divers. Locust Valley, New York: Aqua Quest Publications. pp. 268–274. ISBN 1-881652-11-4. LCCN 96-39661.
  3. ^ Exley, Sheck (June 1986). Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival (5th ed.). National Speleological Society. ISBN 978-9994663378.
  4. ^ Exley, Sheck (1994). Caverns Measureless to Man. St. Louis: Cave Books. ISBN 0-939748-25-8.
  5. ^ Staff. "Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society was founded". cavedivinghistory.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  6. ^ Kendrick, DF (2009). "Science of the National Association for Cave Diving (NACD): Water Quality, Hydrogeology, Biology and Psychology". In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  7. ^ Zimmermann, Tim (August 1, 2005). "Raising the Dead". Outside Magazine.
  8. ^ a b c d Finch, Phillip (2008). Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-312-38394-0. LCCN 2008024271.
  9. ^ a b c d e Burgess, Robert F. "The Cave Tiger". The Cave Divers. pp. 317–333.
  10. ^ Menduno, Michael. "Exley On Mix". Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  11. ^ Caverns Measureless to Man, pp. 109–110.
  12. ^ [1] Interview with Exley.
  13. ^ Bowden, Jim (2008). "Sheck Exley: Remembering a legend" (PDF). Advanced Diver Magazine Ezine (1, reprinted from ADM issue 1 (1999)). Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  14. ^ "Verified dives below 200 metres". Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  15. ^ http://www.cisatlantic.com/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm
  16. ^ Burgess, pp. 320-321.
  17. ^ Chowdhury, Bernie (2000). The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 0-06-019462-6. LCCN 00-033426.
  18. ^ Taylor, Michael Ray (1994-10-03). "Deep, Dark And Deadly". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  19. ^ Gilliam, Bret (September 2013). "Zacaton: The tragic death of Sheck Exley". Tech Diving Mag. p. 16. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  20. ^ Hamilton, Robert W; Daughtery, Gordon; Kristovich, Ann; Bowden, Jim (1994). "What happened to Sheck Exley?". Pressure, Newsletter of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Retrieved 2009-06-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Lenihan, Daniel (2002). Submerged: Adventures of America's Most Elite Underwater Archeology Team. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-505-4.
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