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''{{otheruses4}}
{{Original research|date=October 2008}}

[[Image:Am I not a man.jpg|right|thumb|250px|From the title page of [[abolitionist]] [[Anthony Benezet]]'s book ''Some Historical Account of Guinea'', London, 1788]]

{{slavery}}

As a social-economic system, '''slavery''' is a legal institution under which a [[person]] (called "a slave") is compelled to [[Labor (economics)|work]] for another (sometimes called "the master" or "slave owner"). Slave codes were also made for the definition of slaves. In the [[United States]] the legal term "[[involuntary servitude]]" is also used,<ref>See the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]].</ref> and is a form of [[unfree labour|unfree labor]].

Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed to varying extents, forms and periods in almost all cultures and continents. Today, slavery is formally outlawed in nearly all countries, but forms of slavery are said to still exist in some parts of the world. <ref>[http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue3/0305p28.html UN Chronicle | Slavery in the Twenty-First Century]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm BBC Millions 'forced into slavery']</ref>

==Current situation==

Although outlawed in nearly all countries, forms of slavery still exist in some parts of the world. <ref>[http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue3/0305p28.html UN Chronicle | Slavery in the Twenty-First Century]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm BBC Millions 'forced into slavery']</ref> According to a broad definition of slavery used by [[Kevin Bales]] of [[Free the Slaves]] (FTS), an advocacy group linked with [[Anti-Slavery International]], there were 27 million people (although some put the number as high as 200 million) who worked in virtual slavery in 2007, spread all over the world.<ref>Kevin Bales, ''Disposable People''</ref> According to FTS, these slaves represent the largest number of people that has ever been in slavery at any point in world history and the smallest percentage of the total human population that has ever been enslaved at once.

FTS claims that present-day slaves can be sold for as little as [[USD|US$]]40, in [[Mali]], for young adult male laborers, or as much as US$1,000 in [[Thailand]] for [[HIV]]-free, young females, suitable for work in [[brothel]]s. The lower limit represents the lowest price that there has ever been for a slave: the price of a comparable male slave in 1850 in the United States would have been about US${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1000|1850}}|-2}} in present-day terms{{Inflation-fn|US}} (US$1,000 in 1850). That difference, even allowing for differences in [[purchasing power]], is significant.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} As a result of the lower price, the economic advantages of present-day slavery are clear.{{Clarifyme|date=September 2008}}

Enslavement is also taking place in parts of [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]].<ref name="antislaverysociety"/> The [[Middle East Quarterly]] reports that slavery is still endemic in Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=My Career Redeeming Slaves |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/449 |work= |publisher=MEQ |date=December 1999 |accessdate=2008-07-31 }}</ref> In June and July 2007, [[2007 Chinese slave scandal|570 people who had been enslaved by brick manufacturers]] in [[Shanxi]] and [[Henan]] were freed by the Chinese government.<ref name="brickkiln">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Convictions in China slave trial |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6902459.stm |work= |publisher=BBC |date=July 17, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> Among those rescued were 69 children.<ref>{{cite news |first=Zhu |last=Zhe |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=More than 460 rescued from brick kiln slavery |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/15/content_894802.htm |work= |publisher=''China Daily'' |date=June 15, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> In response, the Chinese government assembled a force of 35,000 police to check northern Chinese brick kilns for slaves, sent dozens of kiln supervisors to prison, punished 95 officials in Shanxi province for dereliction of duty, and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing an enslaved worker.<ref name="brickkiln"/>

In [[Slavery in Mauritania|Mauritania]] alone, it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved, many of them used as [[bonded labour]].<ref>[http://www.saiia.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=635:mauritaniamadeslaveryillegallastmonth&catid=62:governance-a-aprm-opinion&Itemid=159 Mauritania made slavery illegal last month]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml The Abolition season on BBC World Service]</ref> [[Slavery in modern Africa|Slavery in Mauritania]] was criminalized in August 2007.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]</ref> In [[Niger]], slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerian study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml BBC World Service | Slavery Today]</ref> [[Pygmies]], the people of [[Central Africa]]'s rain forest,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900EFDB103FF935A25755C0A961958260 As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered], New York Times</ref> live in servitude to the [[Bantu peoples|Bantus]].<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/110/story/552528.html Congo's Pygmies live as slaves], newsobserver.com</ref> Some tribal sheiks in [[Iraq]] still keep [[Afro-Arab|blacks]], called ''Abd'', which means servant or slave in Arabic, as slaves.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2008/08/baghdad-black-i.html IRAQ: Black Iraqis hoping for a Barack Obama win], Los Angeles Times</ref> [[Child slavery]] has commonly been used in the production of cash crops and mining. According to the [[U.S. Department of State]], more than 109,000 children were working on [[cocoa]] farms alone in [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) in 'the worst forms of [[child labor]]' in 2002.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61565.htm U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices], 2005 Human Rights Report on Côte d'Ivoire </ref>

In November 2006, the [[International Labour Organization]] announced it will be seeking "to prosecute members of the ruling [[State Peace and Development Council|Myanmar junta]] for crimes against humanity" over the continuous [[forced labour]] of its citizens by the military at the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-11-16T163442Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-276537-1.xml&archived=False |title=ILO seeks to charge Myanmar junta with atrocities |publisher=Reuters|date=[[2006-11-16]] |accessdate=2006-11-17 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUSL14863912 ILO asks Myanmar to declare forced labour banned]</ref> According to the [[International Labor Organization]] (ILO), an estimated 800,000
people are subject to forced labour in [[Myanmar]].<ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html ILO cracks the whip at Yangon]</ref><ref>[http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/926083,thailand050108.article Critics: Myanmar biofuel drive uses forced labor]</ref>

==Contemporary slavery==
{{Citations missing|section|date=October 2008}}
{{main|Slavery in modern Africa}}

Since 1945, debate about the link between economic growth and different relational forms (most notably unfree social relations of production in Third World agriculture) occupied many contributing to discussions in the development decade (the 1960s). This continued to be the case in the mode of production debate (mainly about agrarian transition in India) that spilled over into the 1970s, important aspects of which continue into the present (see the monograph by Brass, 1999, and the 600 page volume edited by Brass and van der Linden, 1997). Central to these discussions was the link between capitalist development and modern forms of unfree labour ([[peonage]], [[debt bondage]], [[indenture]], chattel slavery). Within the domain of political economy it is a debate that has a very long historical lineage, and - accurately presented - never actually went away. Unlike advocacy groups, for which the number of the currently unfree is paramount, those political economists who participated in the earlier debates sought to establish who, precisely, was (or was not) to be included under the rubric of a worker whose subordination constituted a modern form of unfreedom. This element of definition was regarded as an [[epistemological]]ly necessary precondition to any calculations of how many were to be categorized as relationally unfree.

Three types of slavery have been identified in contemporary society: wage slavery, contract slavery, and slavery in the traditional sense:

* '''[[Wage slavery]]''' occurs when a person is employed at a wage level which does not allow the worker an opportunity to leave their employer. [[Marxist]]s and [[anarchist]]s, however, use the term more broadly to refer to a situation in which a person must sell his or her labor power, submitting to the authority of an employer in order to prosper or merely to subsist; creating a hierarchical social condition in which a person chooses a job but only within a coerced set of choices (e.g. work for a boss or starve) which usually excludes democratic worker's control of the workplace and the economy as a whole and unconditional access to a fair share of the basic necessities of life.

* '''Contract slavery''' occurs when people are tricked or compelled into signing contracts requiring them to work under conditions that amount to slavery.

* '''Slavery in the traditional sense''' still exists, though it now operates underground. Actual slavery still operates using much the same methods as in the past, with people (often women and children) being abducted or lured by work offers, transported to another country where they are "sold" - with the men and male children sold for labor, while the women and girls are sometimes destined for domestic work or to work in prostitution, primarily in Asia and the West.

A combination of wage and contract slavery is found in [[Sarawak]] mining towns among [[Indonesia]]n [[Dayak]] immigrants. They are required to buy the tools they need to work with. However, as they often do not have the required money, they need to buy them on a loan. Then they discover that local food is so expensive that all their wages are spent on that, so they can't pay off the loan and are forced by law to keep working for no gain.

Slavery in China was finally abolished in 1910,<ref>[http://www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/class/cfe/ceth/abolition/history.htm Commemoration of the Abolition of Slavery Project]</ref> although the practice apparently still continues unofficially in some regions.<ref>"Chinese Police Find Child Slaves." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7374864.stm]</ref><ref>"Convictions in China slave trial"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6902459.stm]</ref>

Slavery still exists all across the world. Groups such as the [[American Anti-Slavery Group]], [[Anti-Slavery International]] and [[Free the Slaves]], the [[Anti-Slavery Society]], and the Norwegian Anti-Slavery Society continue to campaign to rid the world of slavery.

On [[December 10]], [[1948]], the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the [[United Nations]] adopted the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. Article 4 states:
:''No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.''

Since 1997, the [[United States Department of Justice]] has, through work with the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], prosecuted six individuals on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 slaves in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide, which is especially pervasive in agriculture, apparel and the sex industry.

==Etymology==
[[Image:Ruslavery.jpg|thumb|left|330px|Slave market in early medieval Eastern Europe. Painting by [[Sergei Ivanov (painter)|Sergei Ivanov]]]]
Prior to the 10th century, words other than "slave" were used for all kinds of unfree labourers. For instance, the old [[Latin]] word ''servus'' was used for both [[Serfdom|serf]]s and chattel slaves.

The word slave, in [[Modern English]], originates from the [[Middle English]] ''sclave'' which first appeares around 1290. The spelling was based on [[Old French]] ''esclave'', from the [[Medieval Latin]] ''sclavus'' and ultimately from the [[Ancient Greek|Byzantine Greek]] ''sklabos'' (from ''sklabenoi'') meaning "[[Slavic people]]" which appears around 580AD. ''Sklavos'' approximates the Slavs' own name for themselves, the Slověnci. The spelling of English ''slave'', closer to its original Slavic form, first appears in English in 1538.<ref>http://www.answers.com/slave&r=67</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=slave&query=slave/ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary - Slave]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=slav&query=slav/ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary - Slav]</ref> The term originally referred to various peoples from [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Central Europe]], as many Slavic and other people from these areas were captured and sold as slaves by the [[Viking]]s, and later a [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] (912&ndash;973), and his successors.

''Thralldom'' is an archaic synonym for slavery, and ''[[thrall]]'' a synonym for slave. This comes from [[Old English]] þræl (also rendered thrǣl), from [[Old Norse]] þræll (thræll). <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=thrall</ref><ref>http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&Database=*&Query=thrall</ref> <div style="clear:both"></div>

==Definitions==
[[Image:Kersnovskaya Entering Camp5 54.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Entering [[Gulag]], Soviet forced-labor camp (a leaf from [[Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya]]'s notebook)<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/getman_paintings.php?painting_id=29 The Gulag Collection: Paintings of Nikolai Getman]</ref>]]

The [[1926 Slavery Convention]] described slavery as "...the status and/or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised..." Slaves cannot leave an owner, an employer or a territory without explicit permission (they must have a [[passport]] to leave), and they will be returned if they escape. Therefore a system of slavery&mdash;as opposed to the isolated instances found in any society&mdash;requires official, legal recognition of ownership, or widespread tacit arrangements with local authorities, by masters who have some influence because of their social and/or economic status and their lives.
The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) defines forced labour as "all work or service which is extracted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily", albeit with certain exceptions of: military service, convicted criminals, emergencies and minor community services.<ref name="ILO">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.DOWNLOAD_BLOB?Var_DocumentID=5059 International Labour Organization definition]</ref>

The current usage of the word [[serfdom]] is not usually synonymous with slavery, because medieval serfs were considered to have [[rights]], as human beings, whereas slaves were considered “things”&mdash;property.<ref>Regine Pernoud, ''Those Terrible Middle Ages: Debunking the Myths'' trans. Anne English Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2000), pp. 86-87</ref>

Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive [[Remuneration|compensation]] (such as [[wages]]) in return for their labor.
In its narrowest sense, the word "slave" refers to people who are treated as the [[property]] of another person, household, company, corporation or government. This is referred to as '''chattel slavery'''.

===Other uses of the term===

The word ''slavery'' is often used as a pejorative to describe any activity one finds unpleasant or distasteful. On the one hand, this means the word ''slavery'' is applied in situations where it does not technically fit the definition. On the other hand, it also means that it is often ''not'' applied in situations that ''do'' fit the definition, but where the speaker feels that everyone has a duty to perform the action. Examples of the latter might include jury duty or military conscription, where a person is compelled to perform a job and is paid much less than one would have sought for a similar job in a free market.

* The International Labour Organization says that [[child labour]] usually amounts to [[forced labour]].
* Many [[anarchism|anarchists]], [[socialism|socialists]], and [[communism|communists]] have condemned "[[wage slavery]]" or "economic slavery", where workers are forced to choose between selling their labor to a boss and facing starvation, poverty or a lack of prosperity. This is related to the notion of [[economic coercion]].
* Some [[libertarian]]s and [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]] view government [[taxation]] as a form of slavery.<ref>E.g., {{cite web|url=http://www.mises.org/story/410|last=Machan|first=Tibor R.|title=Tax Slavery|publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]|month=[[13 April]]|year=2000|accessmonthday=October 9|accessyear=2006}}</ref>
* Some feel that [[military draft]]s and other forms of coerced government labor constitute slavery.<ref>See the [[Conscription#Slavery|Slavery]] section in the Conscription article for more.</ref><ref>[http://rmf.net/pauldraft.html The Military Draft and Slavery] and [http://www.antiwar.com/paul/paul60.html Conscription Is Slavery] both by [[Ron Paul]]</ref><ref>[http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=2346 An Idea Not Worth Drafting: Conscription is Slavery] by Peter Krembs</ref><ref>[http://www.davidkopel.com/NRO/2001/Nationalized-Slavery.htm Nationalized Slavery
A policy Italy should dump] by Dave Kopel refers to both the military and national service requirements of Italy as slavery</ref> [[Gladiator]]s, for example, were often slaves, with [[Spartacus]] being a famous example.
* Some proponents of [[animal rights]] apply the term ''slavery'' to the condition of some or all human-owned animals, arguing that their status is no different from that of human slaves.<ref name="MSpiegel">Spiegel, Marjorie. ''The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery'', New York: Mirror Books, 1996.</ref>
* Some feel that [[child support]] orders amount to slavery .<ref>[http://www.deltabravo.net/custody/slavery.php Modern Day Slavery] by Becky Kiely and Tonya Klar</ref><ref>[http://ancpr.com/oldmaillistarchive/2002-March/000067.html Men, Divorce and Suicide: Another View]</ref><ref>[http://www.restoreliberty.com/childsupport.htm SLAVERY AND CHILD SUPPORT] by Adrian Banks</ref><ref>[http://www.fa-ir.org/ai/75.htm Jailing for child support violates Slavery statutes]</ref> (Labor is compelled in typical court orders, and loss of employment often results in jail time for nonsupport.)

==History==
{{main|History of slavery}}

[[Image:Leighton Captive Andromache.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Captive [[Andromache]]'' by [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton]]&mdash;a Trojan princess enslaved after the Trojan war]]
The evidence for slavery predates written records. It can be found in almost all cultures and continents. Slavery can be traced to the earliest records, such as the [[Code of Hammurabi]] in [[Mesopotamia]] (~1800 BC), which refers to slavery as an already established institution. An important exception occurred under the reign of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in Persia in 500 BC. The forced labor of women in some ancient and modern cultures may also be identified as slavery. Slavery, in this case, includes sexual services.

Historically, most slaves were captured in wars or [[kidnap]]ped in isolated raids, but some persons were sold into slavery by their parents, or by themselves, as a means of surviving extreme conditions.

The children of slaves were usually slaves from birth. [[Ancient Warfare]] often resulted in slavery for prisoners and their families, who were either killed, [[ransom]]ed or sold as slaves. Captives were often considered the property of those who captured them and were looked upon as a prize of war. Slavery may originally have been more humane than simply executing those who would return to fight if they were freed, but the effect led to widespread enslavement of particular groups of people. Those captured sometimes differed in [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], [[religion]], or [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] from their enslavers, but often were the same as the captors. The dominant group in an area might take captives and turn them into slaves with little fear of suffering the like fate. The possibility always existed of reversals of fortune, as when [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] warned, at the height of the [[Roman Empire]], when powerful nations fought among themselves, anyone might find himself enslaved.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

Brief sporadic raids or kidnapping could mean enslavement of persons otherwise not at war. [[Saint Patrick|St. Patrick]] recounted in his ''Confession'' having been kidnapped by [[pirates]].

===In ancient societies===
[[Image:Geromeslavemarket.jpg|thumb|upright|160px|''The Slave Market'' (c. 1884), painting by [[Jean-Leon Gerome]].<ref>[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm ''When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed'']</ref>]]
Ancient societies characterized by [[poverty]], rampant [[endemic warfare|warfare]] or lawlessness, [[famine]]s, [[overpopulation|population pressures]], and cultural and technological lag are frequently exporters of slaves to more developed nations. Today the illegal [[slave trade]] (mostly in [[slavery in modern Africa|Africa]]) deals with slaves who are rural people forced to move to cities, or those purchased in rural areas and sold into slavery in cities. These moves take place due to loss of [[subsistence agriculture]], thefts of [[Real property|land]], and [[population]] increases.

In many ancient cultures, persons (often including their family) convicted of serious crimes could be sold into slavery. The proceeds from this sale were often used to compensate the victims. The [[Code of Hammurabi]] (~1800 BC) prescribes this for failure to maintain a water dam, to compensate victims of a flood. The convicted criminal might be sold into slavery if he lacked the property to make compensation to the victims. Other laws and other crimes might enslave the criminal regardless of his property. Some laws called for the criminal and all his property to be handed over to his victim.

===Child slavery===
{{details|child slavery}}
People have been sold into slavery so that the money could be used to pay off their debts. This could range from a judge, king or Emperor ordering a debtor sold with all his family, to the poor selling off their own children to prevent starvation. In times of dire need such as famine, people have offered themselves into slavery not for a purchase price, but merely so that their new master would feed and take care of them.

In most institutions of slavery throughout the world, the children of slaves became the property of the master. Local laws varied as to whether the status of the mother or of the father determined the fate of the child, but it was usually determined by the status of the mother. In many cultures, slaves could earn their freedom through hard work and buying their own freedom. This was not possible in all cultures.
[[Image:Slavezanzibar.jpg|thumb|right|180px|upright|Slavery in [[Zanzibar]]. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence. The log weighed 32 pounds, and the boy could only move by carrying it on his head.' Unknown photographer, c. 1890.<ref>[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast]</ref>]]

According to the [[Anti-Slavery Society]], "Although there is no longer any state which legally recognizes, or which will enforce, a claim by a person to a right of property over another, the abolition of slavery does not mean that it ceased to exist. There are millions of people throughout the world&mdash;mainly children&mdash;in conditions of virtual slavery, as well as in various forms of servitude which are in many respects similar to slavery."<ref name="antislaverysociety">{{cite web |url=http://www.anti-slaverysociety.org/slavery.htm |title=Does Slavery Still Exist? |accessdate=2008-01-04 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Anti-Slavery Society}}</ref> It further notes that slavery, particularly child slavery, was on the rise in 2003. It points out that there are countless others in other forms of servitude (such as [[peonage]], bonded labor and servile concubinage) which are not slavery in the narrow legal sense. Critics claim they are stretching the definition and practice of slavery beyond its original meaning, and are actually referring to forms of [[unfree labour]] other than slavery {{Fact|date=April 2008}}.

===Slave work===
The type of work slaves did depended on the time period and location of their slavery. In general, they did the same work as everyone else in the lower echelons of the society they lived in but were not paid for it beyond room and board, clothing etc. The most common types of slave work were [[domestic service]], [[agriculture]], [[mineral extraction]], army make-up, [[industry]], and [[commerce]].<ref>These were just a few jobs listed in the article titled "Archaeology and Slavery" in ''World Archaeology Magazine''</ref><!---need date on magazine---> Prior to about the 18th century, domestic services were acquired in some wealthier households and included up to four female slaves and their children on its staff. The chattels (as they are called in some countries) were expected to cook, clean, sometimes carry water from an outdoor pump into the house, and grind cereal. Most hired servants now do the same tasks.

Many slaves were used in [[agriculture]] and [[cultivation]] from ancient times through the 1800s. The strong, young men and women were sometimes forced to work long days in the fields, with little or no breaks for water or food. Since slaves were usually considered valuable property, they were usually taken care of in the sense that minimally adequate food and shelter were provided to maintain good health, and that the workload was not excessive to the point of endangering health. However, this was not always the case in many countries where they worked on land that was owned by absentee owners. The [[wikt:overseer|overseer]]s in many of these areas literally worked the slaves to death.

In [[mineral extraction]], the majority of the work, when done by slaves, was done nearly always by men. In some places, they mined the salt that was used during extensive trade in the 19th century.<ref>Stealey, John E., III (2000). "Slavery in the Kanawha Salt Industry". In John C. Inscoe (Ed.), ''Appalachians and Race: The Mountain South from Slavery to Segregation'', pp. 50–73. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813191270.</ref>

Some of the men in ancient civilizations who were bought into chattel slavery were trained to fight in their nation's army and other military services. Chattel slaves were occasionally trained in [[artisan]] [[workshop]]s for [[industry]] and [[commerce]].<ref>Herrick, Cheesman A. (1917). ''History of Commerce and Industry'', p. 492. New York: Macmillan.</ref> The men worked in [[metalworking]], while the females normally worked in either [[textile]] trades or domestic household tasks. The majority of the time, the slave owners did not pay the chattels for their services beyond room and board, clothing etc.

However, not all slaves were manual laborers or servants. In some societies slaves sometimes attained highly responsible positions. In the Bible, [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]], for instance, was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers, but rose to become [[vizier]] to the [[Pharaoh]]. And the ranks of the [[Mamluk|Mamelukes]], who ruled Egypt until being defeated by Napoleon in 1798, were filled by slaves from the [[Caucasus]] who were allowed to rule Egypt in exchange for maintaining its military defense.

[[Image:Emancipation of Slaves 1834 monument - Victoria Tower Gardens - Millbank - Westminster - London - 24042004.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|The [[Buxton Memorial Fountain]], celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the [[British Empire]] in 1834, [[London]].]]

===Western slavery===
In the West, slavery ended during the Medieval period, only to be revived after the Renaissance and its appreciation of the organization of classical society (i.e. ancient Greece and Rome).<ref>Regine Pernoud, ''Those Terrible Middle Ages: Debunking the Myths'' trans. Anne English Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2000), pp. 85-96.</ref>

===Human trafficking===
{{Main|Human trafficking}}

Trafficking in human beings (also called '''human trafficking''') is sometimes referred to as a form of slavery. The opponents of the practice point out that victims are tricked, lured by false promises, or forced into a "debt slavery" situation by the use against them of coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat and use of physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims.{{cn}}

Whilst the majority of victims are women, and sometimes children, who are forced into prostitution (in which case the practice is called '''sex trafficking'''), victims also include men, women and children who are forced into manual labour.{{cn}}

Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. A US Government report published in 2003, estimates that 800,000-900,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.{{cn}}

==Economics==
[[Image:Boulanger Gustave Clarence Rudolphe The Slave Market.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Gustave Boulanger]]'s painting [[The Slave Market]].]]
Economists have attempted to model during which circumstances slavery (and milder variants such as [[serfdom]]) appear and disappear. One observation is that slavery becomes more desirable for land owners when land is abundant but labour is not, so paid workers can demand high wages. If labour is abundant but land is scarce, then it becomes more costly for the land owners to have guards for the slaves than to employ paid workers who can only demand low wages due to the competition. Thus first slavery and then serfdom gradually decreased in Europe as the population grew. It was reintroduced in the Americas and in Russia (serfdom) as large new land areas with few people become available.

Another observation is slavery is more common when the labour done is relatively simple and thus easy to supervise, such as large scale growing of a single crop. It is much more difficult and costly to check that slaves are doing their best and with good quality when they are doing complex tasks. Thus, slavery tends to decrease with technological advancements requiring more skilled people, even as they are able to demand high wages.<ref>[http://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/372.html Slavery and other property rights<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

It has also been argued that slavery tends to retard technological advancement, since the focus is on increasing the number of slaves rather than improving the efficiency of labor. Because of this, theoretical knowledge and learning in Greece—and later in Rome—was largely separated from physical labour and manufacturing.<ref>[http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=223811 Technology<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Some Russian scholars have argued that the Soviet Union's technological development was hindered by Stalin's use of slave labor. {{Fact|date=March 2008}}

==Abolitionist movements==
{{main|Abolitionism}}
===History of abolitionism===
[[Image:Slaves in chains (grayscale).png|thumb|250px|Three [[Abyssinian]] slaves in chains]]
Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through the whole of recorded human history — as have, in various periods, movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. According to the [[Torah|Biblical]] [[Book of Exodus]], [[Moses]] led [[Israelite]] slaves out of [[ancient Egypt]] — possibly the first written account of a movement to free slaves. Later Jewish laws (known as [[Halacha]]) prevented slaves from being sold out of the [[Israel|Land of Israel]], and allowed a slave to move to Israel if he so desired. The [[Cyrus Cylinder]], inscribed about 539 BC by the order of [[Cyrus the Great]] of [[Persia]], abolished slavery and allowed Jews and other nationalities who had been enslaved under [[Babylonia]]n rule to return to their native lands. [[Abolitionism]] should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the [[slave trade]].

There were celebrations in 2007 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the slave trade in the United Kingdom through the work of the British [[Anti-Slavery Society]]. [[William Wilberforce]] received much of the credit although the groundwork was an anti-slavery essay by [[Thomas Clarkson]]. Wilberforce was also urged by his close friend, Prime Minister William Pitt, to make the issue his own. After the abolition act was passed these campaigners switched to encouraging other countries to follow suit, notably France and the British colonies.

Abolitionist pressure in the United States produced a series of small steps forward. After January 1, 1808, the importation of slaves into the United States was prohibited,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"] ''New York Times.'' December 30, 2007.</ref> but not the internal slave trade, nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. Legal slavery persisted; and those slaves already in the U.S. would not be legally emancipated for another 60 years. Legal slavery still exists in many Muslim countries of the Middle East and Africa.

==Apologies==
On [[May 21]], [[2001]], the [[National Assembly of France]] passed the [[Christiane Taubira|Taubira]] law, recognizing slavery as a [[crime against humanity]]. At the same time the [[United Kingdom|British]], [[Spain|Spanish]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] delegations declined to give an apology for the slave trade and limited to give a "regret." This is probably due to the legal implications of such a statement. It is worth to mention that it is uncertain whether the apology of these four nations are for "slave trade" or "slavery". {{Fact|date=January 2007}} Apologies on behalf of African nations, for their role in trading their countrymen into slavery, also remain an open issue since slavery was practiced in Africa even before the first Europeans arrived and the [[Atlantic slave trade]] was performed with a high degree of involvement of several African societies. The black slave market was supplied by well-established slave trade networks controlled by local African societies and individuals.<ref>Adu Boahen, Topics In West African History p. 110</ref> Indeed, as already mentioned in this article, slavery persists in several areas of West Africa until the present day.

"There is adequate evidence citing case after case of African control of segments of the trade. Several African nations such as the [[Ashanti]] of [[Ghana]] and the [[Yoruba]] of [[Nigeria]] had [[economy|economies]] depended solely on the [[slave trade|trade]]. African peoples such as the [[Imbangala]] of [[Angola]] and the [[Nyamwezi]] of [[Tanzania]] would serve as middlemen or roving bands warring with other African nations to capture Africans for [[European colonialism|Europe]]ans."<ref>[http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade, By Kwaku Person-Lynn, Ph.D]</ref>

Several historians have made important contributions to the global understanding of the African side of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. By arguing that African merchants determined the assemblage of trade goods accepted in exchange for slaves, many historians argue for African agency and ultimately a shared responsibility for the slave trade.<ref>[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274 João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata, 2002. ISBN 978-972-8427-24-5]</ref>

The issue of an apology is linked to reparations for slavery and is still being pursued by a number of entities across the world. For example, the Jamaican Reparations Movement approved its declaration and action Plan.

In September, 2006, it was reported<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/5369858.stm What the papers say], ''BBC News'', [[2006-09-22]]</ref> that the UK Government may issue a "statement of regret" over slavery, an act that was followed through by a "public statement of sorrow" from Tony Blair on [[November 27]], [[2006]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6185176.stm Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade], ''BBC News'', [[2006-11-27]]</ref>

On [[February 25]], [[2007]] the state of Virginia resolved to 'profoundly regret' and apologize for its role in the institution of slavery. Unique and the first of its kind in the U.S., the apology was unanimously passed in both Houses as Virginia approached the 400th anniversary of the founding of [[Jamestown Settlement|Jamestown]], where the first slaves were imported into North America in 1619.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6394981.stm, ''BBC News'', 2007-02-25]</ref>

On [[August 24]], [[2007]], Mayor [[Ken Livingstone]] of [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] apologized publicly for Britain's role in colonial [[slave trade]]. "You can look across there to see the institutions that still have the benefit of the wealth they created from slavery," he said pointing towards the financial district. He claimed that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery. [[Jesse Jackson]] praised Mayor Livingstone, and added that reparations should be made. Neither mentioned the role of the original Arab and Muslim captors of African slaves<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=477337&in_page_id=1770 Livingstone breaks down in tears at slave trade memorial]</ref>.

===Reparations===
{{main|Reparations for slavery}}

Sporadically there have been movements to achieve reparations for those formerly held as slaves, or sometimes their descendants. Claims for reparations for being held in slavery are handled as a [[Private law|civil law]] matter in almost every country. This is often decried as a serious problem, since former slaves' relative lack of money means they often have limited access to a potentially expensive and futile legal process. Mandatory systems of fines and reparations paid to an as yet undetermined group of claimants from fines, paid by unspecified parties, and collected by authorities have been proposed by advocates to alleviate this "civil court problem". Since in almost all cases there are no living ex-slaves or living ex-slave owners these movements have gained little traction. In nearly all cases the judicial system has ruled that the statute of limitations on these possible claims has long since expired.

Nonetheless, from time to time misinformation is circulated (often through e-mail) to United States residents describing a $5000 "slavery tax credit", supposedly passed into law under President [[Bill Clinton]]'s administration during the 1990s, but never announced to the public. No such credit exists, and persons attempting to promote or take advantage of the alleged credit are subject to prosecution. (See [[Slavery reparations scam]] for further information.) A similar scam involves a "tax credit" available to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].

==Religion and slavery==
{{main|Slavery and religion}}
Some argue that the [[Bible]] condones slavery in Ancient Israelite society by failing to condemn the widespread existing practice present in other cultures.<ref>[http://www.inu.net/skeptic/slavery.html Does the Bible condone slavery<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> It also explicitly states that under certain circumstances, slavery is morally acceptable.<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2025:44-46&version=31 Leviticus 25:44-46] </ref><ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2021:7-11;&version=31; Exodus 21:7-11]</ref>

There are also scholars who argue that [[Islam]] condones slavery,{{Fact|date=September 2008}} although the institution of slavery has largely been outlawed in the [[Muslim world]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

==See also==
;Various
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
* [[List of known slaves]]
* [[List of notable opponents of slavery‎]]
* [[Abolition of slavery timeline]]
* [[Bandeirantes]]
* [[Barbary pirate]]
* [[Blackbirding]]
* [[Classism]]
* [[Compensated emancipation]]
* [[Coolies]]
* [[Corporate colonialism]]
* [[Debt bondage]]
* [[Fazendas]]
* [[Freeborn]]
{{Col-3}}
* [[History of slavery]]
* [[Indentured servant]]
* [[International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition|International Year]]
* [[Involuntary servitude]]
* [[Master-slave dialectic]]
* [[Sambo's Grave]]
* [[Serfdom]]
* [[Sexual slavery]]
* [[Slave narrative]]
* [[Slave rebellion]]
**[[Roman Servile Wars]]
* [[Slavery at common law]]
* [[Slavery in ancient Greece]]
{{Col-3}}
* [[Slavery in ancient Rome]]
* [[Slave ship]]
* [[Subculture]]
* [[Trafficking in human beings]]
* [[Underclass]]
* [[Unfree labour]]
* [[Wage slavery]]
* [[William Lynch Speech]]
* [[Workhouse]]
{{Col-end}}

;Slavery by region
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
* [[Slavery in Brazil]]
* [[Slavery in Canada]]
* [[Slavery in Japan]]
* [[Slavery in Mauritania]]
* [[Slavery in Sudan]]
* [[Arab slave trade]]
* [[Aztec slavery]]
* [[History of Bermuda#Slavery in Bermuda|Slavery in Bermuda]]
* [[Slavery in antiquity]]
* [[Slavery in medieval Europe]]
* [[Nazi concentration camps|Slavery in Nazi Germany]]
{{Col-3}}
* [[Forced labor in Germany during World War II]]
* [[Gulag|Slavery in Soviet Union]]
* [[Slavery in modern Africa]]
* [[African slave trade]]
* [[Atlantic slave trade]]
* [[History of slavery#Asia|Slavery in Asia]]
* [[Coastwise slave trade]]
* [[Islam and slavery]]
* [[Kholop]]s (semi-slaves in [[Russia]])
{{Col-3}}
* [[Swedish slave trade]]
* [[Slavery in the United States]]
** [[Origins of the American Civil War]]
** ''[[North Carolina v. Mann]]''
** [[George Washington#Washington and slavery]]
** [[Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream]]
** [[United States National Slavery Museum]]
* [[Thrall]]s (slaves of the [[viking]]s)
{{Col-end}}

;Films
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
* [[Stanley Kubrick]], ''[[Spartacus]]'', 1960
* [[Sergio Giral]], ''Cimarron'', 1967
* [[Marlon Brando]], ''[[Burn!]]'', 1969
* [[Sergio Giral]], ''El Otro Francisco'' (The Other Francisco), 1975
* [[Tomas Gutierrez Alea]], ''La Ultima Cena (The Last Supper)'', 1976
* [[Alex Haley]], ''[[Roots (TV miniseries)|Roots]]'', 1977 mini-series based on Haley's book

{{Col-3}}
* [[Carlos Diegues]], ''Quilombo'', 1984
* [[Gene Hackman]], ''[[Mississippi Burning]]'', 1988
* [[Julie Dash]], ''Daughters of the Dust'', 1991
* [[Haile Gerima]], ''Sankofa'', 1993
* [[Charles Burnett (director)|Charles Burnett]], ''Nightjohn'', 1996
* [[Steven Spielberg]], ''[[Amistad (1997 film)|Amistad]]'', 1997

{{Col-3}}
* [[Jonathan Demme]], ''Beloved'', 1998
* [[Kevin Willmott]], ''[[C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America]]'', 2004 (mockumentary/political drama)
* [[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]], ''[[500 Years Later]]'', 2005
* [[Michael Apted]], ''[[Amazing Grace (2007 film)|Amazing Grace]]'', 2006
* Marco Kreuzpainter, ''[[Trade (film)|Trade]]'', 2007
{{Col-end}}

{{Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}

<br>
{{Discrimination sidebar}}

== References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Fernand Braudel]], ''Civilization and Capitalism'', vol. III: ''The Perspective of the World'' (1984, originally published in French, 1979.)
* Davis, David Brion. ''[[The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823]]'' (1999)
* Davis, David Brion. ''[[The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture]]'' (1988)
* Finkelman, Paul. ''Encyclopedia of Slavery'' (1999)
* [[K.S. Lal|Lal, K. S.]] ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (1994) [http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/] ISBN 81-85689-67-9
* Gordon, M. ''Slavery in the Arab World'' (1989)
* Jacqueline Dembar Greene, ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia'', (2001), ISBN 0531165388
* Nieboer, H. J. [http://www.ditext.com/nieboer/title.html Slavery as an Industrial System (1910)]
* Postma, Johannes. ''The Atlantic Slave Trade'', (2003)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed., ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (1997)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia'' (2007)
* [[Robert Carl-Heinz Shell|Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz]] ''Children Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good Hope, 1652-1813'' (1994)
* William Linn Westermann, ''The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity'' (1955), ISBN 0871690403

===Uncited sources===
* ''The Slavery Reader'', ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003
* [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm Mintz, S. ''Slavery Facts and Myths'']

===USA===
* Berlin, Ira. ''Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America'' (1999), most important recent survey
* Blackmon, Douglas A. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II'' Doubleday (March 23, 2008), ISBN 0385-50625-2 ISBN 978-0385-50625-0
* Boles, John. ''Black Southerners: 1619-1869'' (1983) brief survey
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117 Engerman, Stanley L. ''Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor'' (1999)]
* [[Eugene D. Genovese|Genovese Eugene D.]] ''Roll, Jordan Roll'' (1974), classic study
** Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", ''American Quarterly'' 29 (1977), 117-31, a critique of Genovese
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002427959 Escott, Paul D. "Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom" ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 67, 2001]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514 Parish, Peter J. ''Slavery: History and Historians'' (1989)]
* [[Ulrich Phillips|Phillips, Ulrich B.]] ''American Negro Slavery:A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective
* Phillips, Ulrich B. ''Life and Labor in the Old South'' (1929)
* Sellers, James B. ''Slavery in Alabama'' (1950).
* Sydnor, Charles S. ''Slavery in Mississippi'' (1933
* Stampp, Kenneth M. ''The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South'' (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244 Vorenberg, Michael . ''Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (2001)]
* Weinstein, Allen , Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., ''American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader'', third ed. (1978)
* Mintz, S. ''Digital History Slavery, Facts & Myths'' [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm]

===Slavery in the modern era===
*Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, True Stories of Modern Day Slavery, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ISBN 9781403974938
*Tom Brass, Marcel van der Linden, and Jan Lucassen, ''Free and Unfree Labour''. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993
*Tom Brass, ''Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates'', London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999. 400 pages.
*Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., ''Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues'', Bern: Peter Lang AG, 1997. 600 pages. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour.
* Kevin Bales, ''Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy'', Revised Edition, University of California Press 2004, ISBN 0-520-24384-6
* Kevin Bales (ed.), ''Understanding Global Slavery Today. A Reader'', University of California Press 2005, ISBN 0-520-24507-5freak
* Kevin Bales, ''Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves'', University of California Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1.
* Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, ''Slave: My True Story'', ISBN 1-58648-212-2. Mende is a [[Nuba]], captured at 12 years old. She was granted political asylum by the British government in 2003.
* Gary Craig, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova and Aidan McQuade: [http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues], [[Rowntree trusts|Joseph Rowntree Foundation]], 26 Feb 2007, ISBN 978 1 85935 57
* [http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/ Somaly Mam Foundation]

==External links==
{{commons|Slavery|Slavery}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote}}
;Historical
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/ Slavery Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* [http://www.parliament.uk/slavetrade Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600 - 1807]
* [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm Digital History - Slavery Fact Sheets]
* [http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS The West African Squadron and slave trade]
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HT857xA1/ British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788-1793] ([[DjVu]]) and {{PDFlink|[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HT857xA1/1f/ layered PDF]}} (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)

{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Human rights}}

[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Labor]]
[[Category:Slavery| ]]
[[Category:Slave trade]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Abuse]]

[[af:Slawerny]]
[[ang:Þēowdōm]]
[[ar:عبودية]]
[[an:Esclabitut]]
[[ay:T'aqisiyäwi]]
[[az:Quldarlıq quruluşu]]
[[bs:Robovlasništvo]]
[[br:Sklaverezh]]
[[bg:Робство]]
[[ca:Esclavitud]]
[[cs:Otrokářství]]
[[cy:Caethwasiaeth]]
[[da:Slaveri]]
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[[et:Orjus]]
[[el:Δουλεία]]
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[[eo:Sklaveco]]
[[eu:Esklabotza]]
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[[fo:Trælur]]
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[[gl:Escravitude]]
[[ko:노예]]
[[hi:ग़ुलामी]]
[[hr:Robovlasništvo]]
[[id:Perbudakan]]
[[is:Þrælahald]]
[[it:Schiavismo]]
[[he:עבדות]]
[[ka:მონათმფლობელობა]]
[[sw:Utumwa]]
[[kg:Bumpika]]
[[ht:Esklavay]]
[[ku:Xulam]]
[[la:Servitudo]]
[[lv:Verdzība]]
[[lt:Vergovė]]
[[hu:Rabszolgaság]]
[[mk:Ропство]]
[[ms:Perhambaan]]
[[nl:Slavernij]]
[[new:दास]]
[[ja:奴隷]]
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[[nn:Slaveri]]
[[oc:Esclavatge]]
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[[pl:Niewolnictwo]]
[[pt:Escravidão]]
[[kaa:Qulshılıq]]
[[ro:Sclavie]]
[[qu:Isklaw]]
[[ru:Рабство]]
[[scn:Schiavismu]]
[[simple:Slavery]]
[[sk:Otroctvo]]
[[sl:Suženjstvo]]
[[sr:Робовласништво]]
[[sh:Ropstvo]]
[[fi:Orjuus]]
[[sv:Slaveri]]
[[ta:அடிமை முறை]]
[[th:ทาส]]
[[vi:Nô lệ]]
[[tr:Kölelik]]
[[uk:Рабство]]
[[zh-yue:奴隸制]]
[[zh:奴隶制度]]
''''Italic text''

Revision as of 15:41, 2 October 2008

never happened

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