View source for Somatopleuric mesenchyme

{{Infobox embryology
| Name          = Somatopleuric mesenchyme
| Latin         = mesenchyma somatopleurale
| Image         = Gray16.png
| Caption       = A series of a transverse sections through an embryo of the dog. (After Bonnet.) Section I is the most anterior. In V the neural plate is spread out nearly flat. The series shows the uprising of the neural folds to form the neural canal. a. Aortæ. c. Intermediate cell mass. ect. Ectoderm. ent. Entoderm. h, h. Rudiments of endothelial heart tubes. In III, IV, and V the scattered cells represented between the entoderm and splanchnic layer of mesoderm are the vasoformative cells which give origin in front, according to Bonnet, to the heart tubes, h; l.p. Lateral plate still undivided in I, II, and III; in IV and V split into somatic (sm) and splanchnic (sp) layers of mesoderm. mes. Mesoderm. p. Pericardium. so. Primitive segment.
| Image2        = Gray457.png
| Caption2      = Transverse section through the region of the heart in a rabbit embryo of nine days. X 80. (Kölliker.) j, j. Jugular veins. ao. Aorta. ph. Pharynx. som. Somatopleure. bl. Proamnion. ect. Ectoderm. ent. Entoderm. p. Pericardium. spl. Splanchnopleure. ah. Outer wall of heart. ih. Endothelial lining of heart. é. Septum between heart tubes.
| System        =
| CarnegieStage = 9
| Days          =
| Precursor     = [[Lateral plate mesoderm]], [[ectoderm]]
| GivesRiseTo   = [[Mesothelium]]
}}

In the [[anatomy]] of an [[embryo]], the '''somatopleure''' is a structure created during [[embryogenesis]] when the [[lateral plate mesoderm]] splits into two layers. The outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the [[ectoderm]], and with it (partially) forms the somatopleure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gilbert, Scott F., 1949-|title=Developmental biology|year=2014|isbn=978-0-87893-978-7|edition=Tenth|location=Sunderland, MA, USA|oclc=837923468}}</ref>  

The combination of ectoderm and mesoderm, or somatopleure, forms the [[amnion]], the [[chorion]] and the lateral body wall of the embryo. Limb formation, from the somatic mesoderm, is induced by [[hox gene]]s and the expression of other molecules through an [[Epithelial–mesenchymal transition|epithelial-mesenchyme transition]].<ref name=":0" />  The embryonic somatopleure is then divided into 3 sections, the anterior limb bud formation, the posterior limb bud formation and the non limb forming wall. The bud forming sections grow in size. The somatic mesoderm under the ectoderm proliferates in mesenchyme form.<ref name=":0" /> 

In chicken, the extraembryonic tissues are separated into two layers: the splanchnopleure composed of the endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm, and the somatopleure composed of the ectoderm and somatic mesoderm along with the formation of the coelomic cavity after gastrulation. The amnion and chorion are derived from the somatopleure with a presumptive border of the ectamnion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Asai|first1=Rieko|last2=Haneda|first2=Yuka|last3=Seya|first3=Daiki|last4=Arima|first4=Yuichiro|last5=Fukuda|first5=Kimiko|last6=Kurihara|first6=Yukiko|last7=Miyagawa-Tomita|first7=Sachiko|last8=Kurihara|first8=Hiroki|date=2017-08-21|title=Amniogenic somatopleure: a novel origin of multiple cell lineages contributing to the cardiovascular system|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=8955|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-08305-2|pmid=28827655|pmc=5566219|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.8955A|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}  [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> Following the anterior extension of the extraembryonic mesoderm and formation of the coelom, the anterior and lateral amniotic folds arise along the ectamnion and grow posteriorly over the head of the embryo.<ref name=":1" /> A portion of the amniogenic somatopleure adjacent to the base of the head fold is identified as the region contributing to embryonic tissues in the thoracic wall and pharyngeal and cardiac regions. The somatopleure is known to serve as the matrix of the ventrolateral body wall and gives rise to connective tissue, tendons and the sternum.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Christ|first1=Bodo|last2=Huang|first2=Ruijin|last3=Scaal|first3=Martin|date=2007|title=Amniote somite derivatives|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=236|issue=9|pages=2382–2396|doi=10.1002/dvdy.21189|pmid=17557304|s2cid=10176987|issn=1058-8388|doi-access=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme]]

==References==
{{Gray's}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080809141925/http://207.62.207.35/vet02/vett2/vett2photos/lecture/module03/scan0004.jpg |title=Diagram at Yuba Community College District |date=2008-08-09}}
* [http://science.kennesaw.edu/~rmatson/Biol%203350/Somatopleure.html Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624064958/http://science.kennesaw.edu/~rmatson/Biol%203350/Somatopleure.html |date=2010-06-24 }} at [[Kennesaw State University]]

{{Embryology}}

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[[Category:Embryology]]


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