South-Western Iberian Bronze

The South-Western Iberian Bronze is a loosely defined Bronze Age culture of Southern Portugal and nearby areas of SW Spain (Huelva, Seville, Extremadura). It replaced the earlier urban and Megalithic existing in that same region in the Chalcolithic age.

It is characterized by individual burials in cist, in which the deceased is accompanied by a knife of bronze. Stelae with representations of types of weapons and other warriors' accoutrements are associated with these burials.^[1] Much more rare but also more impressive are the 'grabsystem' tombs, made up of three adjacent stone enclosures, of quasi-circular form, each one with an opening. They are covered by tumuli and are possibly the burials of the main leaders of these peoples.

Phases

Horizon of Ferradeira (c. 1900–1500 BCE): still mostly Chalcolithic but already with individual burials. Influenced by the culture of Vila Nova de São Pedro.
Horizon of Atalaia (c. 1500–1100 BCE): that introduces the grabsystem tombs, being contemporary of El Argar B but continuing after its end. It is in this phase when the culture extends to Extremadura and Western Andalusia. From 17th to 13th centuries BC (c. 1600-c. 1300 BC^[2]), Middle Bronze Age 'Alentejo' stelae (Alentejanas) with representations of types of weapons and other warriors' accoutrements were erected mainly in south Portugal.^[1] The burials associated with these Alentejanas often have a circular or sub-circular pavement at the surface with the burial in a stone cist cut through the middle.^[1]
Horizon of Santa Vitória (c. 1100-700 BCE): that reaches the early Iron Age. Imitations of early Urnfield rilled-ware vessels are found in Late Bronze Age burials in southern Portugal, for example, lovely funerary pottery urns at Santa Vitória in Beja Municipality.^[3] The nearest parallels to these pottery designs are found in west-central France.^[3] In particular, there is evidence of contact exposure to the Bronze D (Bz D) rilled-ware province of the Paris basin and the north-west Alpine foreland, and to a lesser extent also to the Rhine-Swiss-French (RSF) group of Hallstatt A (Ha A).^[3] Early radiocarbon dates for the first Celts in the southwest of the Iberian peninsula of around 800 BC at Segovia just north of Elvas in Portugal to the north-north-east of Beja and of around 700 BC at Faro to the south, but within this cultural area, support this association.^[4] Approximately 130 Late Bronze Age (LBA) 'warrior' stelae ranging from c. 1300 to c. 800 BC^[2] are found in the South-West of the Iberian peninsula.^[1] Early Western Urnfield Group C1 crested helmets are depicted on some of these LBA stelae, for example at Valencia de Alcantara and Santa Ana de Trujillo.^[3] There are examples of stones with both images of human figures and elements of the warrior panoply (shields, spears, swords, helmets, chariots, brooches, mirrors, combs, lyres, etc.) together with Southwestern (SW) writing in the Tartessian language.^[1] The warrior stelae of Capote with inscription J.54.1 and Cabeza del Buey IV with inscription Majada Honda, J.110 are examples of stelae with such writing.^[1]

Related cultures

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Koch, John T. "On the Debate over the Classification of the Language of the South-Western (SW) Inscriptions, also known as Tartessian see points 20 on page 17, 22 on page 18, and 23 on page 19". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ ^a ^b Koch, John T. (2013). Celtic from the West 2 - Chapter 4: Out of the Flow and Ebb of the European Bronze Age: Heroes, Tartessos, and Celtic - see Figure 4.14. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brandherm, Dirk (2013). Celtic from the West 2 - Westward Ho? Sword-bearers and all the rest of it... - see Figure 5.3 on page 152. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3.
^ Júdice Gamito, Teresa (2005). "The Celts in Portugal: see Figure 3". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 571–606.

[koch2014-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Koch, John T. "On the Debate over the Classification of the Language of the South-Western (SW) Inscriptions, also known as Tartessian see points 20 on page 17, 22 on page 18, and 23 on page 19". Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[koch2013-2] Koch, John T. (2013). Celtic from the West 2 - Chapter 4: Out of the Flow and Ebb of the European Bronze Age: Heroes, Tartessos, and Celtic - see Figure 4.14. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3.

[brandherm2013-3] Brandherm, Dirk (2013). Celtic from the West 2 - Westward Ho? Sword-bearers and all the rest of it... - see Figure 5.3 on page 152. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3.

[gamito-4] Júdice Gamito, Teresa (2005). "The Celts in Portugal: see Figure 3". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 571–606.

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v t e Bronze Age
↑ Chalcolithic
Bronze Age	Abashevo culture Aegean civilization Andronovo culture Apennine culture Armorican Tumulus culture Atlantic Bronze Age BMAC Bronze Age Britain Bronze Age Europe Canegrate culture Catacomb culture Chinese Bronze Age Cycladic culture Deer stones culture Deverel–Rimbury culture Elp culture Ewart Park Phase Ezero culture Glazkov culture Argaric culture Hallstatt culture Helladic period Indus Valley Civilisation Late Jomon Karasuk culture Liaoning bronze dagger culture Lusatian culture Minoan civilization Mumun pottery period Mycenaean Greece Nordic Bronze Age Okunev culture Ordos culture Penard Period Samus culture South-Western Iberian Bronze Srubnaya culture Tagar culture Tarim Basin Terramare culture Trzciniec Tumulus culture Únětice culture Urnfield culture Wessex culture Wilburton-Wallington Phase
Bronze Age (North Caucasus and Transcaucasia)	Kurgan Koban Kura–Araxes Shulaveri-Shomu Colchian Trialeti Maykop culture Leyla-Tepe culture Jar-Burial Khojaly–Gadabay
↓ Iron Age

Phases

Related cultures

See also

References