South American common toad
| South American common toad | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Rhinella |
| Species: | R. margaritifera
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) | |
The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]
Member species
As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]
- Rhinella acutirostris
- Rhinella alata
- Rhinella castaneotica
- Rhinella dapsilis
- Rhinella hoogmoedi
- Rhinella lescurei
- Rhinella magnussoni
- Rhinella margaritifera
- Rhinella paraguayensis
- Rhinella martyi
- Rhinella ocellata
- Rhinella proboscidea
- Rhinella roqueana
- Rhinella scitula
- Rhinella sclerocephala
- Rhinella stanlaii
References
- ^ a b c Frank Solís; Roberto Ibáñez; César Jaramillo; Querube Fuenmayor; Débora Silvano; Luis A. Coloma; Enrique La Marca; Santiago Ron; Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. IUCN: e.T54701A11185916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P.; de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3646: 251–264.
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- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Rhinella
- Amphibians of Bolivia
- Amphibians of Brazil
- Amphibians of Colombia
- Amphibians of Ecuador
- Amphibians of French Guiana
- Amphibians of Guyana
- Amphibians of Panama
- Amphibians of Peru
- Amphibians of Suriname
- Amphibians of Venezuela
- Amphibians described in 1768
- Bufonidae stubs