Soviet submarine S-363
56°4′23″N 15°43′48″E / 56.07306°N 15.73000°E
A plaque at the location of the grounding
| |
History | |
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Soviet Union | |
Name | S-363 |
Builder | Ordzhonikidze Yard, Leningrad |
Yard number | 252 |
Laid down | 12 January 1956[1] |
Launched | 16 November 1956 |
Commissioned | 17 September 1957 |
Stricken | 1990s |
Homeport | Liepāja |
Fate | Museum ship |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Template:Sclass2- |
Displacement | 1,030 t (1,010 long tons) |
Length | 76 m (249 ft 4 in) |
Beam | 6.7 m (22 ft 0 in) |
Draft | 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in) |
Propulsion |
|
Speed |
|
Range | 12,000 nmi (22,000 km) to 15,000 nmi (28,000 km) |
Test depth | ~400–450 m (1,310–1,480 ft)[2] |
Complement | ~60 |
Armament |
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Soviet submarine S-363 was a Soviet Navy Template:Sclass2- of the Baltic Fleet, which became famous under the designation U 137 when it ran aground on 27 October 1981 on the south coast of Sweden, approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Karlskrona, one of the larger Swedish naval bases. U137 was the unofficial Swedish name for the vessel, as the Soviets considered names of most of their submarines to be classified at the time and did not disclose them. The ensuing international incident is often referred to as the Whiskey on the rocks incident.
Standoff
In October 1981, the Soviet submarine S-363 accidentally hit an underwater rock about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the main Swedish naval base at Karlskrona, surfacing within Swedish waters.[3] The boat's presence coincided with a Swedish naval exercise, testing new equipment, in the area. Swedish naval forces reacted to the breach of sovereignty by sending an unarmed naval officer aboard the boat to meet the captain and demand an explanation. The captain initially claimed that simultaneous failures of navigational equipment had caused the boat to get lost (despite the fact that the boat had already somehow navigated through a treacherous series of rocks, straits, and islands to get so close to the naval base).[3] The Soviet navy would later issue a conflicting statement claiming that the boat had been forced into Swedish waters due to severe distress, although the boat had never sent a distress signal, and instead attempted to escape.[4]
The Soviet Navy sent a rescue task force to the site in Sweden, commanded by vice-admiral Aleksky Kalinin[5] on board the destroyer Obraztsovy; the rest of the fleet was composed of a Template:Sclass2- destroyer, two Template:Sclass2-s and a Template:Sclass2-. Sweden's centre-right government at the time was determined to safeguard Sweden's territorial integrity. As the Soviet recovery fleet appeared off the coast on the first day, a fixed coastal artillery battery locked onto the ships, indicating to the Soviets that there were active coastal batteries on the islands. The fleet did not turn immediately and as they came closer to the 12-mile (19 km) territorial limit the battery commander ordered the fire control radar into top secret war mode, turning the radar signal from a single frequency to one that jumped between frequencies to stay ahead of enemy jamming. Almost immediately the Soviet fleet reacted and all vessels except a heavy tugboat slowed down, turned, and stayed in international waters. Swedish torpedo boats confronted the tugboat, which also left.[citation needed]
The Swedes were determined to continue investigating the circumstances of the situation. The Soviet captain, after a guarantee of his immunity, was taken off the boat and interrogated in the presence of Soviet representatives.[4] Additionally, Swedish naval officers examined the logbooks and instruments of the submarine.[4] The Swedish Defence Research Agency also secretly measured for radioactive materials from outside the hull, using gamma ray spectroscopy from a specially configured Coast Guard boat. They detected something that was almost certainly uranium-238 inside the submarine, localized to the port torpedo tube.[3] Uranium-238 was routinely used as cladding in nuclear weapons and the Swedes suspected that the submarine was in fact nuclear armed.[3] The yield of the probable weapon was estimated to be the same as the bomb dropped over Nagasaki in 1945. Although the presence of nuclear weapons on board S-363 was never officially confirmed by the Soviet authorities,[6] the vessel's political officer, Vasily Besedin, later confirmed that there were nuclear warheads on some of the torpedoes, and that the crew was ordered to destroy the boat, including these warheads, if Swedish forces tried to take control of the vessel.[7]
As the Soviet captain was being interrogated, the weather turned bad and the Soviet submarine sent a distress call. In Swedish radar control centers, the storm interfered with the radar image. Soviet jamming could also have been a factor. As the Soviet submarine sent its distress call, two ships coming from the direction of the nearby Soviet armada were detected passing the 12-mile (19 km) limit headed for Karlskrona.[citation needed]
This produced the most dangerous period of the crisis and is the time where the Swedish Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin gave his order to "Hold the border" to the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces Lennart Ljung. The coastal battery, now fully manned as well as the mobile coastal artillery guns and mine stations, went to "Action Stations". The Swedish Air Force scrambled strike aircraft armed with modern anti-ship missiles and reconnaissance aircraft knowing that the weather did not allow rescue helicopters to fly in the event of an engagement. After a tense 30 minutes, Swedish fast attack craft met the ships and identified them as West German grain carriers.[citation needed]
The boat was stuck on the rock for nearly 10 days. On 5 November it was hauled off the rocks by Swedish tugs and escorted to international waters where it was handed over to the Soviet fleet.[4]
Interpretations
At the time, the incident was generally seen as a proof of widespread Soviet infiltration of the Swedish coastline.
In an interview in 2006, Vasily Besedin, the political officer on board, gave a different picture. The vessel had dual navigation systems, a well-trained crew and the captain Pyotr Gushchin was amongst the best. On board was staff officer Joseph Avrukevich who was trained in security techniques. Besedin claimed the incident was caused by an error in calculations by the navigation officer.[8]
The area in which the Soviet submarine ran aground was at the time a restricted military zone where no foreign nationals were allowed. The exact location served as one of only two routes that could be used to move bigger ships from the naval base in Karlskrona to open water.
This incident is popularly known in the West as "Whiskey on the rocks" (the rock-grounded submarine being a Template:Sclass2-).[9] In the Soviet Navy the submarine type came to be known as "Swedish Komsomolets", a pun on both the incident and the then widespread tendency to give the submarines Komsomol-themed names.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Orbat.
- ^ "U137, Grundstötningen" [U 137, The Grounding]. Statens Maritima Museer (in Swedish). Sweden. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d Leitenburg, Milton (March 1982), "The Case of the Stranded Sub", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 10.
- ^ a b c d Pineschi, Laura; Treves, Tullio (1997), The law of the sea: the European Union and its member states, Martinus Nijhoff, p. 517.
- ^ Haws, Duncan; Hurst, Alexander (1985), The maritime history of the world: a chronological survey of maritime events from 5,000 B.C. until the present day, supplemented by commentaries, vol. 2, Teredo, p. 284.
- ^ "U137, Kärnvapen ombord" [U137, Nuclear weapons on board] (in Swedish). Sweden: Statens Maritima Museer. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
- ^ Gustafsson, Thomas (October 25, 2006), "Rysk officer: Vi skulle följt ordern", Aftonbladet (in Swedish), SE, retrieved February 25, 2011
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External links
- "Story of the incident with photos". Compu news..
- Pope, Captain Edmond D, USN Ret. "Whiskey on the Rocks – A Window on the 1981 Cold War Era". Emmitsburg.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
- Whiskey-class submarines
- Ships built in the Soviet Union
- 1956 ships
- Cold War submarines of the Soviet Union
- Maritime incidents in 1981
- Soviet submarine accidents
- International maritime incidents
- 1981 in Sweden
- 1981 in the Soviet Union
- 1981 in military history
- Politics of Sweden
- Soviet Union–Sweden relations
- Maritime incidents in Sweden