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Springer v. United States

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Springer v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued April 8–9, 1880
Decided January 24, 1881
Full case nameWilliam M. Springer v. United States
Citations102 U.S. 586 (more)
26 L. Ed. 253; 1880 U.S. LEXIS 2066
Holding
The Federal income tax imposed under the Revenue Act of 1864 was constitutional.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Morrison Waite
Associate Justices
Nathan Clifford · Samuel F. Miller
Stephen J. Field · Joseph P. Bradley
Ward Hunt · John M. Harlan
William B. Woods
Case opinion
MajoritySwayne, joined by unanimous

Springer v. United States, 102 U.S. 586 (1881),[1] was a case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the Federal income tax imposed under the Revenue Act of 1864.

Background

William M. Springer had filed a Federal income tax return for the tax year 1865 showing $50,798 in income and $4,799 in income tax, but refused to pay the tax. Springer's income was from two sources: income in his profession as an Attorney at law, and interest income on United States bonds.[2]

After Springer's failure to pay the tax, the Federal tax collector advertised Springer's properties for sale to satisfy the tax liability. In 1867 and 1874, the tax collector sold two pieces of real estate owned by Springer in Springfield, Illinois (one of which was Springer's residence), apparently without physically seizing the properties or ejecting Springer from the properties. The properties were deeded by the tax collector to the United States government. One of the deeds recited the statutory authority for the sale as being an Act of Congress of "July 1, 1862" as amended by an Act of "March 30, 1864."

In 1874, the government filed a lawsuit of ejectment against Springer with respect to the previously sold properties. In the ejectment action, Springer challenged the constitutionality of the 1864 Act.

Issues raised

Springer's challenge was based on the contention that the income tax imposed by the statute was a direct tax not apportioned among the states according to the population of each state under Article I of the Constitution. To support his contention that the tax was direct, Springer cited the definitions of direct taxes by John Stuart Mill,[3] Adam Smith,[4] and others.

Springer made various other arguments, one of which was that although there was an Act of Congress bearing the date "July 1, 1862," there was no such Act that had been amended on "March 30, 1864," the amendment date cited in one of the deeds. Springer indicated that the statute in question may have been the Act dated June 30, 1864, as amended by an Act dated March 3, 1865, and argued that if this was correct, the 1864 Act did not authorize the sale of the real estate by the Federal tax collector.[5]

Rulings

In an opinion written by Justice Swayne, The Supreme Court agreed with Springer that the recital of the Act of Congress in the deed was incorrect, and that the Act of Congress dated "July 1, 1862" had not been amended on March 30, 1864. The Court stated that the statute in question was actually the Act of June 30, 1864 (see Revenue Act of 1864), as amended by the Act of March 3, 1865.[6] The Court rejected Springer's argument that the 1864 Act did not authorize the sale by the tax collector.[6]

The Court then upheld the unapportioned income tax imposed under the 1864 Act, rejecting William Springer's argument that the income tax was a "direct tax" within the meaning of Article I.

Rationale

The Court set forth a lengthy examination of the history leading to the inclusion of the apportionment requirement in the Constitution:

It appears that on the 11th of July, in that year, there was a debate of some warmth involving the topic of slavery. On the day following, Gouverneur Morris, of New York, submitted a proposition 'that taxation shall be in proportion to representation.' It is further recorded in this day's proceedings, that Mr. Morris having so varied his motion by inserting the word 'direct,' it passed nem. con., as follows: 'Provided always that direct taxes ought to be proportioned to representation.' 2 Madison Papers, by Gilpin, pp. 1079-1081. On the 24th of the same month, Mr. Morris said that 'he hoped the committee would strike out the whole clause. . . . He had only meant it as a bridge to assist us over a gulf; having passed the gulf, the bridge may be removed. He thought the principle laid down with so much strictness liable to strong objections.' Id. 1197. The gulf was the share of representation claimed by the Southern States on account of their slave population. But the bridge remained. The builder could not remove it, much as he desired to do so. All parties seem thereafter to have avoided the subject. With one or two immaterial exceptions, not necessary to be noted, it does not appear that it was again adverted to in any way. It was silently incorporated into the draft of the Constitution as that instrument was finally adopted.[7]

After further examining the contemporaneous writings of James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, the Court quoted Hamilton as asserting that direct taxes should be held to be only "capitation or poll taxes, and taxes on lands and buildings, and general assessments, whether on the whole property of individuals or on their whole real or personal estate. All else must, of necessity, be considered as indirect taxes".[8] Comparing Hamilton's understanding of the clause to the facts of the case, the Court stated:

The tax here in question falls within neither of these categories. It is not a tax on the "whole . . . personal estate" of the individual, but only on his income, gains, and profits during a year, which may have been but a small part of his personal estate, and in most cases would have been so. This classification lends no support to the argument of the plaintiff in error.[9]

The Court concluded that "whenever the government has imposed a tax which it recognized as a direct tax, it has never been applied to any objects but real estate and slaves",[9] and ultimately held "that direct taxes, within the meaning of the Constitution, are only capitation taxes, as expressed in that instrument, and taxes on real estate; and that the tax of which the plaintiff in error complains is within the category of an excise or duty".[10]

Aftermath

The holding in Springer was modified in part by the Court in the 1895 case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.,[11] where the Court ruled that a tax on income from property in the form of interest, dividends or rent should be treated as a tax on the property itself, and therefore as a direct tax required to be apportioned. The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution later overruled the Pollock decision and made clear that there was no requirement for apportionment of income taxes.[12] Later still, in Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.,[13] the Supreme Court reviewed Pollock, the Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909 and the Sixteenth Amendment, and concluded that Congress had always had the unfettered power to tax income, as set forth in Springer.

References

  1. ^ Some prints of this case show the date as 1880, the date of the session, rather than 1881, the date of the decision itself. The Court's decision was rendered on January 24, 1881. See Dates of Supreme Court Decisions and Arguments; United States Reports Volumes 2 - 107 (1791-1882), p. 153, at [1].
  2. ^ Springer's employment and the source of his income were not mentioned by the Court in its opinion in the Springer case, but were mentioned by the Court in the 1895 case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429, 579-580, affirmed on rehearing, 158 U.S. 601 (1895).
  3. ^ Mill, John Stuart (1848). "Of Direct Taxes". Principles of Political Economy. Vol. 5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
  5. ^ Springer, 102 U.S. at 591.
  6. ^ a b Springer, 102 U.S. at 593.
  7. ^ Springer, 102 U.S. at 596.
  8. ^ Springer, 102 U.S. at 598.
  9. ^ a b Springer, 102 U.S. at 599.
  10. ^ Springer, 102 U.S. at 602.
  11. ^ Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.,157 U.S. 429, affirmed on rehearing, 158 U.S. 601 (1895)
  12. ^ See generally Bittker, Boris I. (1987). "Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government". The Tax Lawyer. 41 (1): 3. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help) (Pollock case "was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment").
  13. ^ Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co., 271 U.S. 170 (1926).

Further reading

  • Dunbar, Charles F. (1889). "The Direct Tax of 1861". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 3 (4). The MIT Press: 436–461. doi:10.2307/1879642. JSTOR 1879642. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Seligman, Edwin R. A. (1894). "The American Income Tax". Economic Journal. 4 (16). Blackwell Publishing: 639–667. doi:10.2307/2955902. JSTOR 2955902. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
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