Structural composite supercapacitor
Structural composite supercapacitors are multifunctional materials that can both bear mechanical load and store electrical energy.[1] Combined with structural batteries, they would enable an overall weight reduction of electric vehicles.
Typically structural composite supercapacitors are based on the design of carbon fibre reinforced polymers.[2] Carbon fibres act as mechanical reinforcement, current collector and eventually electrodes. The matrix is a structural polymer electrolyte that transfers load via shear mechanism between the fibres and have a reasonable ionic conductivity.[3]
In a supercapacitor, the specific capacitance is proportional to the specific surface area of the electrodes.[4] Structural carbon fibres usually have low specific surface area and it is therefore necessary to modify their surface to enable sufficient energy storage ability.[5] To increase the specific surface area of the structural electrodes, several routes have been employed, mainly consisting in the modification of the surface of the carbon fibre itself or by coating the carbon fibre with a high specific surface area material. Physical and chemical activation of the carbon fibres have been shown to provide an increase of two order of magnitudes of the specific surface area of carbon fibres without damaging their mechanical properties but still offered limited energy storage ability when combined with a structural polymer electrolyte.[6] Coating carbon fibres with carbon nanotubes,[7] carbon aerogel,[8] or graphene nanoplatelets[9] allowed for higher energy densities.
References
- ^ [1], Shaffer, Milo; Greenhalgh, Emile & Bismark, Alexander, "Energy Storage Device", issued 2007-11-08
- ^ Xu, Yanfang; Lu, Weibang; Xu, Guangbiao; Chou, Tsu-Wei (2021-03-01). "Structural supercapacitor composites: A review". Composites Science and Technology. 204: 108636. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108636. ISSN 0266-3538.
- ^ Nguyen, Phuong-Anh T.; Snyder, James (2008-10-03). "Multifunctional Properties of Structural Gel Electrolytes". ECS Transactions. 11 (32): 73–83. doi:10.1149/1.2992495. ISSN 1938-5862.
- ^ Burke, Andrew (November 2000). "Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology". Journal of Power Sources. 91 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00485-7.
- ^ Snyder, James F.; Wong, Emma L.; Hubbard, Clifford W. (2009). "Evaluation of Commercially Available Carbon Fibers, Fabrics, and Papers for Potential Use in Multifunctional Energy Storage Applications". Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 156 (3): A215. doi:10.1149/1.3065070.
- ^ Qian, Hui; Diao, Hele; Shirshova, Natasha; Greenhalgh, Emile S.; Steinke, Joachim G.H.; Shaffer, Milo S.P.; Bismarck, Alexander (April 2013). "Activation of structural carbon fibres for potential applications in multifunctional structural supercapacitors". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 395: 241–248. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.015.
- ^ Shirshova, Natasha; Qian, Hui; Houllé, Matthieu; Steinke, Joachim H. G.; Kucernak, Anthony R. J.; Fontana, Quentin P. V.; Greenhalgh, Emile S.; Bismarck, Alexander; Shaffer, Milo S. P. (2014). "Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors". Faraday Discuss. 172: 81–103. doi:10.1039/C4FD00055B. ISSN 1359-6640.
- ^ Qi, Guocheng; Nguyen, Sang; Anthony, David B; Kucernak, Anthony R J; Shaffer, Milo S P; Greenhalgh, Emile S (2021-09-01). "The influence of fabrication parameters on the electrochemical performance of multifunctional structural supercapacitors". Multifunctional Materials. 4 (3): 034001. doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ac1ea6. ISSN 2399-7532.
- ^ Hubert, Olivier; Todorovic, Nikola; Bismarck, Alexander (January 2022). "Towards separator-free structural composite supercapacitors". Composites Science and Technology. 217: 109126. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109126.