View source for Symphony No. 1 (Strauss)

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{{Infobox musical composition
| name                = Symphony No. 1
| composer            = [[Richard Strauss]]
| image               = Strauss1880.jpg
| image_upright       = 0.6
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Sketch of the composer by Else Demelius-Schenkl, in 1880
| catalogue           = TrV 94.
| key                 = [[D minor]]
| composed            = {{start date|1880|06|12|df=y}}<ref>Trenner, p 21</ref>
| performed           = {{start date|1881|03|30|df=y}}
}}
[[File:Franz Strauss.jpg|thumb|Franz Strauss, Munich Court Opera principal horn player and father to Richard Strauss]]
[[Richard Strauss]] composed his '''Symphony No. 1''' in [[D minor]] (TrV 94) in 1880 when he was just 16 years old. It consists of four movements, and lasts about 34 minutes. Although Strauss did not give a number to the [[symphony]], it is often referred to as his First Symphony. It was premiered on 30 March 1881 at the [[Munich Academy of Music]] under the baton of [[Hermann Levi]].

==Composition history==

Strauss completed his musical studies with his composition teacher, Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer, in February 1880 (he was a conductor and had been hired as a private teacher by Richard's father [[Franz Strauss]] since 1875). By the age of 18, Strauss had composed nearly 150 works. Strauss wrote the symphony whilst attending school, from 12 March to 12 June 1880.<ref>Schuh, page 48.</ref>  He wrote to his mother "I'm getting on all right at school, the symphony is making jolly good progress, all four movements are finished now. I've scored the Scherzo and almost all of the first movement".<ref>Schuh, page 48.</ref> The four movements are:

*I. Andante Maestoso – Allegro Vivace.
*II. Andante
*III. Scherzo: Molto allegro, leggiero – Trio.
*IV. Finale: Allegro Maestoso.

Scott Warfield wrote that "the symphony in D minor follows the same formal plans that Strauss had been studying for nearly five years. The outer movements are real [[Sonata form|sonata-allegro]] movements, now complete with true [[Musical development|development]] sections. The slow movement draws on the same model and the [[Scherzo]] follows the standard [[binary form]]."<ref>Warfield, page 201.</ref> The first movement opens with a fifty bar slow introduction, laying out thematic material used later.  As Werbeck notes, within this introduction, Strauss goes through a series of [[Modulation (music)|modulations]] in which one two-bar theme is repeated in a sequence from D min, Bflat7, Eflat, B7, Emin, C, Fmin, Dflat, ending in F. This wandering [[tonality]] is in contrast to the otherwise conservative musical conception of the symphony, and perhaps prefigures the future Strauss.<ref>Werbeck, page XII.</ref> The [[Exposition (music)|exposition]] starts with a shift to 3/4, and  the transition uses thematic material both from the first theme and the introduction. "This opening movement also contains the first genuine development section in any symphonic work by Strauss. His technique for development in this lengthy subsection (188 bars) consists primarily repeating the material...as it sequences through various harmonic levels. This section marks the first time that Strauss went beyond the safety of a codified formal plan".<ref>Warfield, page 201-2.</ref> By the age of sixteen, Strauss was writing a symphony which "need not be excused as a "student" work".<ref>Warfield, page 203.</ref> As [[David Hurwitz (music critic)|David Hurwitz]] notes, Strauss had a rare mastery of orchestration and in particular writing for woodwind:  "Colorful scoring that captivates the ear and never fatigues or bores the listener makes a work sound shorter than it really is, even one that has a rather stiff little fugue in the middle of its finale, as does the First Symphony."<ref>Hurwicz, page 19-20.</ref>

These more recent views contrast with [[Norman Del Mar]], who stated in his 1962 study that "...the symphony is essentially a student work. It is nevertheless well made and has several interesting ideas."<ref>Del Mar, page 14.</ref>

==Performance history==
[[Image:Hermann Levi conductor.jpg|thumb|150px|Hermann Levi who conducted the premier]]

The premiere was given at the [[Odeon (Munich)|Odeon concert hall]] in Munich as part of the subscription concert series of the Academy of music on 30 March 1881.  The conductor was Hermann Levi, who was the musical director of the [[Bavarian State Opera|Munich Court opera]] from 1872–1896, and who was to premiere [[Richard Wagner]]'s [[Parsifal]] in 1882.

Strauss' father Franz was much involved in the premiere, copying out all of the orchestral parts by hand and playing in the orchestra.<ref>Schuh, page 51.</ref> Franz was so grateful to Levi for conducting the premiere, he asked how he could thank him. Levi "promptly seized the chance to ask the great horn-player to take part in the first performances of [[Parsifal]] at the [[Bayreuth festival]] in 1882". Despite his hostility to the works of [[Richard Wagner]], Franz consented, taking his son Richard with him to the see Parsifal at Bayreuth.<ref>Schuh, page 52-3</ref>

The reviews of the premier were very positive, with the ''Muechner Neueste Nachritten'' of 3 April 1880 reporting that: <blockquote> The third of the Musical Academies subscription concerts included one new work, a symphony in D minor by Richard Strauss. The recent performance of his String quartet had already drawn our attention to the significant talent possessed by this young composer. The symphony, too, shows considerable competence in the treatment of the form as well as remarkable skill in orchestration. It must be said that the work cannot lay claim to any true originality, but it demonstrates throughout a fertile musical imagination, to which composition comes easily.<ref>Schuh, page 52.</ref></blockquote>

The piece was later performed on 5 August 1893 by the amateur ''Wilden Gung'l'' orchestra conducted by his father [[Franz Strauss]] and with whom Richard had briefly played in the violins.<ref>Trenner, page 104.</ref> Although father Franz wanted to have more performances of the symphony, to build on its initial success, son Richard Strauss had moved on and rejected it "as unsuitable for further performance"<ref>Del Mar, page 22.</ref> He gave the Wilden Gung'l orchestra the autograph score of the symphony along with the exclusive rights to perform the piece.<ref>Wihelm, page 23.</ref> As a result, the symphony has rarely been performed.

There exist very few recordings of the piece.

* [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]] conducted by [[Kenneth Schermerhorn]], recorded and issued in 1985<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/strauss-symphony-in-d-minor-interludio-kampf-und-sieg-mr0002717044 Strauss: Symphony in D minor; Interludio; Kampf und Sieg (Marco Polo 8.220323)]. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref>
* [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Karl Anton Rickenbacher]], recorded in 1986 and issued in 1998<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/strauss-the-unknown-vol-3-early-symphonies-mr0002662861 Strauss, the Unknown, Vol. 3: Early Symphonies (Koch Schwann 3-6532-2)]. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref>
* [[Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Klauspeter Seibel]], recorded in 1988 and issued in 1989<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/strauss-symphony-festive-march-and-waltz-mr0004059441 Strauss: Symphony, Festive March and Waltz (Colosseum / Zebralution. CD is out of print and available only with digital download)]. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref>

==Instrumentation==
Although described as being for "large orchestra", the orchestral forces are modest for the time.

* Two [[flute]]s, two [[oboe]]s, two [[clarinet]]s, two [[bassoon]]s
* Four [[french horn]]s, two [[trumpet]]s, three [[trombone]]s.
* [[Timpani]]
* [[string section|Strings]]

==References==
{{reflist | 20em}}

==Sources==

*Norman Del Mar, ''Richard Strauss: A critical commentary on his life and works'', Volume 1. Faber and Faber, London, second edition 1985, {{ISBN|978-0-571-25096-7}}.
*Schuh, Willi (1982). ''Richard Strauss: A Chronicle of the Early Years 1864–1898'', (translated by Mary Wittal), Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-24104-9}}.
*Trenner, Franz. ''Richard Strauss Chronik'', Verlag Dr Richard Strauss Gmbh, Wien, 2003. {{ISBN|3-901974-01-6}}.
*Werbeck, Walter (1999). Introduction to ''Richard Strauss Edition, Orchestral works'', Volume 19, Symphonies.  Verlag Dr.Richard Strauss GmbH, Wien. Published by C.F.Peters, Wien, 1999.
*Warfield, Scott (2003), "From "Too Many Works" to "Wrist Exercises": The Abstract Instrumental Compositions of Richard Strauss", Chapter 6 in Mark-Daniel Schmid (editor) ''The Richard Strauss Companion'', Praeger, Westport Connecticut, London. {{ISBN|0-313-27901-2}}.
*Wilhelm, Kurt (1989). ''Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait''. London: Thames & Hudson. {{ISBN|0-500-01459-0}}.
*Kaunitz, G. (2012). An Examination of Stylistic Elements in Richard Strauss's Wind Chamber Music Works and Selected Tone Poems. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4941</nowiki>

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=Symphony No.1, TrV 94 (Strauss, Richard)}}
*[http://www.wilde-gungl.de/ ''Wilden Gung'l'' orchestra]

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[[Category:Symphonies by Richard Strauss]]
[[Category:1880 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions in D minor]]
[[Category:Romantic symphonies]]