Talk:Rural health

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Hi, I am currently working on a posting for rural health, The information found here is quite limited and I would only be too pleased to add / recreate a page for rural health, we would be considering the 5W's and one H of rural health (Who, What, When, Where, Why and How)and would divide the topic into these sub-titles, and also consider rural health from all view-points with the Canadian persepctive being of major concern this shall be done within the next week, I would appreciate any input regarding this, Thanks Patrick Plegault (talk) 19:10, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

I would like to suggest another external link for this article. www.rwhp.org They create health education materials, conduct trainings for lay-health workers and build outreach programs. Nikiandi (talk) 16:58, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 January 2020 and 16 March 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SDoH20.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eowoyele. Peer reviewers: AbiL7.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Redirect?

I think "rural medicine" should redirect here —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.190.218.69 (talk) 07:45, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Rural Health in Canada

=== Prevalence and Rural Health as a Growing Concern ===

Rural, at its most basic, is referred to as anything outside of urban areas, but this traditional definition fails to create a distinguishable boundary among the terms rural and urban (Statistics Canada, 2006). As per statistics Canada (2006), rural is any geographical location outside the commuting zone of an urban community or a metropolitan area with a population density of 10,000 or more (p. 2). Rural health continues to present itself as an ongoing topic of research and discussion with particular emphasis upon disparities that pose unique challenges towards the health and well-being of the rural population (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Although the Canadian population is a recipient of a higher standard of healthcare, the same standard remains inapplicable to the Canadian rural population (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). The further away from urban centers, a population resides, the slimmer access to Canadian healthcare is available to that population (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). In other terms, the overall health status of the Canadian rural population is significantly lower when compared to the urban counterpart (Pong, 2007). Perhaps, accessibility to healthcare is the reason why the rural Canadian population statistically has a shorter life expectancy, higher mortality and morbidity, and higher infant mortality rates as compared to the Canadian urban population (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Nineteen to thirty percent of the Canadian population are identified as residing within rural Canada; this is the population that is affected by rural health disparities (Kulig & Williams, 2011, p. 16). As per Statistics Canada (2013), from 2006 to 2011, Canada’s rural population increased by 1.1%. The proportion of people living among Canadian rural communities is comparatively lower than global statistics, but the Canadian statistics show a continued increase in the Canadian rural population, which translates to a subsequent increase in chronic disease, mortality and disability among this population (Statistics Canada, 2013; Kulig & Williams, 2011). Canadian rural health is a growing concern because the disparities linked to rural health are deep rooted among personal, social, economical and environmental factors such as income, employment, working conditions, education, personal health practices and physical environment (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Income, as the most predominant determinant of health, is the greatest disparity faced by rural communities as the yearly rural household income continues to be below the national average income, which translates to lack of transportation, lack of food and water, lack of housing, lack of access to healthcare services and overall higher inequalities (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Rural Canadians have higher unemployment rates than the urban counterpart and the available employment tends to be in farming, fishery, forestry and mining (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). This not only adds to the lack of income and resources, but also poses a health concern as these job areas expose the rural Canadian workers to unsafe working conditions such as extreme temperatures, hazardous chemicals, unsafe equipment and treacherous working hours (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Lower education levels further complicate rural health as they restrict rural Canadians from finding employment opportunities among urban environments with sustainable income (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). The overall impact of low income, education and poor working conditions translates to a living environment that does not even ensure safe drinking water (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). The rural living conditions are at a significantly larger risk for exposure to pathogens, natural and chemical toxins (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). These inhabitable conditions produce ineffective coping and health practice skills (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and physical inactivity remain dominant among rural community due to which there is a higher incidence of co-morbidities, mortality and disability among rural Canada (Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 2002). It is due to these conditions, rural health continues to a dominant concern.

=== “At Risk” Groups Among Rural Canada ===

Rural health affects a high proportion of first nations, religious groups such as the Anabaptists, Amish, and Hutterites, children, and the elderly (Kulig & Williams, 2011). Rural health primarily affects two vulnerable populations – the aboriginal and the elderly (Kulig & Williams, 2011). The Government of Canada (2013) reported that 44.4% of the aboriginal population resides in rural Canada, which is majority of the aboriginal population (p. 5). First nations, as a majority of the aboriginal population, constitute to 60.8% of the total aboriginal population (Statistics Canada, 2014, p. 1). Aboriginal populations are 2.8 times more at risk for developing human immunodeficiency virus related infections (Kulig & Williams, 2011, p. 17). In addition to this, the first nations which represent majority of the aboriginal population, have a shorter life expectancy rate, higher mortality rate, and higher suicide rate in comparison to the average Canadian population (Kulig & Williams, 2011). The prevalence of elderly individuals is higher in rural areas than in urban areas (Robinson, Pesut, & Bottorff, 2010). The elderly population are vulnerable in rural Canada because with aging, the prevalence of illnesses and the need for health care services increases within geographically isolated rural and remote areas (Robinson et al., 2010).

=== Future Research and/or Efforts to Improve Rural Health ===

As mentioned earlier, the rural health outcomes are significantly impacted by the unique challenges and health disparities that are faced by the rural Canadian population. In addition to the impact of these disparities and challenges upon the social determinants of health, rural communities lack primary healthcare services and an infrastructure to serve the needs of the rural population (Al-Motlaq, Mills, & Francis, 2010). From a healthcare perspective, decreased funds and healthcare resources combined with lack of healthcare personnel (HCP)to provide primary care are limited and/or unavailable due to which the healthcare available is either secondary or tertiary in nature (Al-Motlaq, Mills, & Francis, 2010). The problem lies in failing to provide primary care, thus failing to prevent the poor health outcomes associated with personal health practices and social determinants of health related inequalities (Al-Motlaq, Mills, & Francis, 2010). An increased effort towards the implementation of primary healthcare services is warranted, but HCPs among rural communities are poorly equipped to provide primary healthcare services (Jukkala, Henly, & Lindeke, 2008). Due to the lack of primary healthcare services, HCPs continue to treat the symptoms associated with chronic health disparities, but the root cause remains untouched (Jukkala, Henly, & Lindeke, 2008). This is particularly evident by the hospital re-admission rates among rural communities. Collier (2012), reports that hospital re-admission rates are 9.5% compared to the urban counterpart, which remains at 8.3% (p. 184). Higher readmission rates have led to the revolving door syndrome, thus preventing the rural population from receiving delayed treatment instead of curative and/or preventative treatment (Collier, 2012). In addition to the lack of primary healthcare services, rural HCPs are deprived of continuing education (CE) pertaining to rural health challenges and primary healthcare provision (Jukkala, Henly, & Lindeke, 2008). The provision of CE may allow the rural HCPs to feel competent in providing primary healthcare and may also lead to increased HCP retention (Jukkala, Henly, & Lindeke, 2008). The lack of primary healthcare services and resources, and decreased HCP retention forces rural population to seek healthcare in urban areas, which masks the true magnitude of the lack of healthcare resulting in continued lack of funds and efforts to foster rural healthcare services (Jukkala, Henly, Lindeke, 2008). Jukkala, Henly, and Lindeke (2008), suggest that CE should be readily available to rural HCPs by utilization of technological advancements such as tele-education or virtual classes (p.562). Jukkala, Henly, and Lindeke (2008), also encourage the utilization of interdisciplinary team discussions to promote CE, which may allow rural HCPs to learn from each other. Nonetheless, more CE programs are needed to improve rural HCP retention and satisfaction, and to enhance the quality and availability of primary healthcare services to the rural population (Jukkala, Henly, & Lindeke, 2008).

=== References ===

Al-Motlaq, M., Mills, J., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2010). How nurses address the burden of disease in remote or isolated areas in Queensland. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(5), 472-477. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.001871.x

Collier, R. (2012). The high cost of hospital readmissions. Canadian Medical Association.Journal, 184(11), 1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1034108013?accountid=14391

Government of Canada. (2013). Demographic overview of aboriginal peoples in canada and aboriginal offenders in federal corrections. Retrieved from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/aboriginal/002003-1008-eng.shtml

Jukkala, A., Henly, S., & Lindeke, L. (2008). Rural perceptions of continuing professional education. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(12), 555-563. doi:10.3928/00220124-20081201-08

Kulig, J.C. & Williams, A.M. (2011). Health in rural canada. Retrieved from http://www.ubcpress.ca/books/pdf/chapters/2011/healthinruralcanada.pdf

Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health. (2002). Rural health in rural hands: Strategic directions for rural, remote, northern and aboriginal communities. Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health, 11-13. Retrieved from http://www.srpc.ca/PDF/rural_hands.pdf

Pong, R. (2007). Rural poverty and health: What do we know? Paper presented to the Standing Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Ottawa, ON.

Robinson, C.A., Pesut, B., & Bottorff, J.L. (2010). Issues in rural palliative care: Views from the countryside. The Journal of Rural Health, 26(1), 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00268.x

Statistics Canada (2014). Aboriginal peoples in canada: First nations people, métis and inuit. Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm

Statistics Canada. (2013). Canada’s rural population since 1851: Population and dwelling counts, 2011 Census. Retrieved on March 28, 2014, from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-310-x/98-310-x2011003_2-eng.cfm

Statistics Canada. (2006, June 28). What's urban? what's rural?. Retrieved from http://www41.statcan.gc.ca/2006/3119/ceb3119_002-eng.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.13.186.245 (talk) 17:42, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

Class Assignment

I will be making edits to this article for my Social Determinants of Health class. The following are the sources I currently plan to use:

Iglehart, J. K. (2018). The challenging quest to improve rural health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378(5), 473-479. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr1707176

Future of Rural Health Care Committee. (2005). Quality through collaboration : The future of rural health care. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Hirsch, J. K. (2006). A review of the literature on rural suicide: Risk and protective factors, incidence, and prevention. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 27(4), 189-199. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.4.189

Donham, K. J., & Thelin, A. (2016). Agricultural medicine : Rural occupational and environmental health, safety, and prevention. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Rubin, I., Merrick, J., Greydanus, D., & Patel, D. (2016). Health Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities across the Lifespan (1st ed. 2016.). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18096-0

Cyr, M. E., Anna G Etchinrbara, J. G., & Benneyan, J. C. (2019). Access to specialty healthcare in urban versus rural US populations: A systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 1-17. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4815-5

Kenny, A., Farmer, J., Dickson, S. V., & Hyett, N. (2015). Community participation for rural health: a review of challenges. Health Expectations, 18(6), 1906–1917. https://doi-org.libproxy.union.edu/10.1111/hex.12314 SDoH20 (talk) 00:21, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Global Poverty and Practice

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 17 January 2022 and 15 May 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Angelica.gnlz (article contribs).

Wiki Education assignment: Global Poverty and Practice

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2023 and 20 December 2023. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Panda1600 (article contribs). Peer reviewers: Laguan0206, Urmilav, Oliviascott3.

— Assignment last updated by Laguan0206 (talk) 22:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Participatory Rural Healthcare

Hi

I am planning to add to information about participatory planning and providing a voice to the local community. This information will be further expanded to include evidence backed by scholarly sources. Panda1600 (talk) 22:55, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Population Health Capstone

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2024 and 20 May 2024. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Katielewis02 (article contribs).

— Assignment last updated by Katielewis02 (talk) 00:51, 12 March 2024 (UTC)