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Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)

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"Tiberius Nero" redirects here. For other Romans with the same name, see Tiberius Claudius Nero.
Tiberius Nero from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum

Tiberius Claudius Nero, often known as Tiberius Nero and Nero[1] (85–33 BC) was a politician who lived in the last century of the Roman Republic. He was the natural father of the second Roman emperor Tiberius, who became the stepson of the emperor Augustus and was adopted by Augustus as his heir.

Ancestry

Nero was a member of the republican Claudian family of Rome.[2] He was a descendant of the first named Tiberius Claudius Nero, a consul and great-grandson of Appius Claudius Caecus (censor in 312 BC).[3] Nero was the son of Drusus[4] and his mother was a descendant of the Claudian family. His father Drusus served under Pompey in 67 BC, battling the pirate menace. Drusus was famous for recommending that the members of the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy be confined.[5] Nero had a sister called Claudia, who married the prefect Quintus Volusius.[6][7]

Life

Nero had served as a quaestor to Julius Caesar in 48 BC, commanding his fleet in the Alexandrian War. Having achieved victory over the Egyptian navy, he was rewarded with a priesthood.[8] Julius Caesar had sent Nero to create Roman colonies in Gaul and in other provinces.[9]

Despite his service with Julius Caesar, Nero was an Optimate at heart. After the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, when it seemed that the assassins were triumphant, he suggested that they be rewarded for their services to the state. However, due to his previous alliance with the Roman dictator, Nero was allowed to be elected praetor in 42 BC.[10]

Around this time Nero married his relative Livia Drusilla, whose father Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was from the same gens. His son of the same name was born November 16, 42 BC, at Fondi Italy. Shortly afterwards, the Second Triumvirate began to break down, causing a dangerous situation in Rome as the triumvirs went to battle with each other. Nero was forced to choose sides and in his distrust of Octavian, he cast his lot with Mark Antony. In 41 BC, he fled Rome with Livia and Tiberius in tow, joining Antony's brother Lucius in Perusia. Perusia was besieged by Octavian's men by the time Nero arrived, and when the town fell in 40 BC, he was forced to flee first to Praeneste, and then Naples.[11] In 40 BC, Octavian and Mark Antony finally reconciled.

In Naples, Nero tried in vain to raise a slave battalion against Octavian and then took refuge with Sextus Pompey, who was then acting as a pirate leader in Sicily.[12] Nero with his family joined Mark Antony soon after in Achaea.[13]

After three years of fleeing from Octavian, Nero returned to Rome with Livia and the younger Tiberius, aged 3. Octavian immediately after catching sight of Livia, fell in love with her, despite the fact that while she was married, Octavian was married to Scribonia. Octavian and Scribonia divorced, with whom he had a daughter called Julia, now known as Julia the Elder. Around this time Livia was also pregnant and despite this, Nero was persuaded or forced by Octavian to divorce Livia. Nero and Livia’s second son was born in early 38 BC and he was named Decimus Claudius Drusus, which was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus.[14] Octavian and Livia married on January 17, waiving the traditional waiting period. Nero was present at their wedding, giving Livia away "just as a father would".[15] As agreed, Nero took his sons to his home, where they were raised and educated.

Death

Nero died in 33 BC. After his death, his sons went to live with their mother and stepfather. The younger Tiberius aged 9, delivered his funeral eulogy on the Rostra in Rome.[16] When the future Roman emperor Tiberius celebrated his coming of age, Tiberius staged two gladiatorial contests. One was held at the Forum in memory of his father and the other held at the amphitheatre in memory of his grandfather Drusus.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4-6
  2. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 1-3
  3. ^ Tiberius Claudius Nero no. 8 article at ancient library
  4. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 7
  5. ^ Tiberius Claudius Nero no. 7 article at ancient library
  6. ^ Romeins Imperium – Lucius Quintus Volusius Saturninus translated from Dutch to English
  7. ^ Cicero . Ad Atticum, V, 21
  8. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4
  9. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4
  10. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4
  11. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4-6
  12. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4-6
  13. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 4-6
  14. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Claudius, 1
  15. ^ Cassius Dio. 48.44.1-3
  16. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 6
  17. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 7

Sources

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