View source for Tie (typography)

{{Short description|Typographical symbol ( ⁀ )}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark|mark={{lower|0.2em|⁀}}|name=Tie}}

The '''tie''' is a symbol in the shape of an [[arc (geometry)|arc]] similar to a large [[breve]], used in [[Greek language|Greek]], phonetic alphabets, and [[Z notation]]. It can be used between two characters with spacing as [[punctuation]], non-spacing as a [[diacritic]], or (underneath) as a [[proofreading]] mark. It can be above or below, and reversed. Its forms are called '''tie''', '''double breve''', '''enotikon''' or '''papyrological hyphen''', '''ligature tie''', and '''undertie'''.

==Uses==

===Cyrillic transliteration===

In the [[ALA-LC romanization for Russian]], a tie symbol is placed over some combinations of Latin letters that are represented by a single letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, e.g., T͡S for [[Ц]] and i͡a for [[Я]]. This is not uniformly applied, however; some letters corresponding to common digraphs in English, such as SH for [[Ш]] and KH for [[Х]] do not employ the tie. In practice, the tie ligature is often omitted.

===Greek===
{{anchor|Papyrological hyphen|Enotikon|Ancient Greek|Modern Greek|Greek hyphen}}<!--linked from Enotikon, Romanization of Greek, etc.-->
{{redirect-distinguish|Enotikon|emoticon}}<!-- difference is the N in enotikon and the M in emoticon. The hat note is here to catch typos. -->
The '''enotikon''' ({{lang|grc|ἑνωτικόν}}, ''henōtikón'', <small>{{abbr|lit.|Literally}}</small>&nbsp;"uniter", from {{lang|grc|ἑνωτικός}} "a serving to unite or unify"), '''papyrological hyphen''', or '''Greek hyphen''' was a low tie mark found in late [[Classical Greek|Classical]] and [[Byzantine Greek|Byzantine]] [[papyri]].<ref name=nickyh>Nicholas, Nick. "[http://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode_aitch.html#usage Greek Unicode Issues: Greek /h/]". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.</ref> In an era when Greek texts were typically written ''[[scripta continua]]'', the enotikon served to show that a series of letters should be read as a single word rather than misunderstood as two separate words. (Its companion mark was the [[hypodiastole]], which showed that a series of letters should be understood as two separate words.<ref name=nicky>Nicolas, Nick. "[http://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/punctuation.html Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation]". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.</ref>) Although [[modern Greek]] now uses the [[Latin script|Latin]] [[hyphen]], the [[Hellenic Organization for Standardization]] included mention of the enotikon in its [[Romanization of Greek|romanization standard]]<ref name=elot>{{lang|el|Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης}} [''Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs'', "[[Hellenic Organization for Standardization]]"]. {{lang|el|ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση}} [''ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī'', "ELOT 743, {{nowrap|2nd ed.}}"]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. {{in lang|el}}.</ref> and [[Unicode]] is able to reproduce the symbol with its characters {{unichar|203F|UNDERTIE|cwith=&nbsp;&nbsp;}} and {{unichar|035C|COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW|cwith=◌}}.<ref name=nicky/><ref name="litchfield"/>

The enotikon was also used in [[Greek musical notation]], as a [[slur (music)|slur]] under two notes. When a syllable was sung with three notes, this slur was used in combination with a [[colon (punctuation)|double point]] and a [[overline|diseme overline]].<ref name="litchfield">''Ancient Greek music'', Martin Litchfield West, 1994, p. 267.</ref>

=== Vocal music scores ===

In musical score [[Music engraving|engraving]], the undertie symbol is called an "elision slur" or "lyric slur",<ref>[https://musescore.org/en/handbook/lyrics#elision The MuseScore Handbook: Lyrics - elision]</ref> and is used to indicate [[synalepha]]: the elision of two or more spoken syllables into a single note; this is in contrast to the more common [[melisma]], the extension of a ''single'' spoken syllable over ''multiple'' sung notes. Although rare in English texts, synalepha is often encountered in musical lyrics written in the [[Romance languages]].

In use, the undertie is placed between the words of the lyric that are to be sung as one note to prevent the space between them being interpreted as a syllable break. For example, in the printed lyric "the‿im - mor - tal air", the undertie between "the" and "im-" instructs the singer to elide these two syllables into one, thus reducing five spoken syllables into four sung notes.

=== International Phonetic Alphabet ===
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses two type of ties: the ligature tie (IPA #433), above or below two symbols and the undertie (IPA #509) between two symbols.

==== Ligature tie ====
The ligature tie, also called double inverted breve, is used to represent [[Doubly articulated consonant|double articulation]] (e.g. {{IPA|[k͡p]}}), [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] (e.g. {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) or [[prenasalized consonant]]s (e.g. {{IPA|[m͡b]}}) in the IPA. It is mostly found above but can also be found below when more suitable (e.g. {{IPA|[k͜p]}}).

On computers, it is encoded with characters {{unichar|0361|COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE|cwith=◌|use=IPA}} and, as an alternative when ascenders might be interfering with the bow, {{unichar|035C|COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW|cwith=◌|use=IPA}}.

==== Undertie ====
The undertie is used to represent linking (absence of a break) in the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example, it is used to indicate [[liaison (French)|liaison]] (e.g. {{IPA|/vuz‿ave/}}) but can also be used for other types of [[sandhi]].

On computers, the character used is {{unichar|203F|UNDERTIE|nlink=General Punctuation#Block|use=IPA}}. This is a [[spacing character]], not to be confused with the alternative (below-letter) form of the ligature tie (a͜b {{unichar|035C|COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW|use=IPA}}), which is a [[combining character]].<ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2594.pdf SC2/WG2 N2594 - Proposal to encode combining double breve below]</ref>

=== Uralic Phonetic Alphabet ===
The [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]] uses several forms of the tie or double breve:<ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/SC2/wg2/docs/n2419.pdf ''Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS''], 2002-03-20.</ref><ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/WG2/docs/n3571.pdf ''Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet''], Klaas Ruppel, Tero Aalto, Michael Everson, 2009-01-27.</ref>
* The triple inverted breve or triple breve below indicates a [[triphthong]]
* The double inverted breve, also known as the ligature tie, marks a [[diphthong]]
* The double inverted breve below indicates a syllable boundary between vowels
* The undertie is used for [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]
* The inverted undertie is used for prosody.

=== Other uses ===
[[File:Character tie.svg|thumb|left|300px|Various forms of the tie]]
The double breve is used in the phonetic notation of the [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|American Heritage Dictionary]] in combination with a double o, o͝o, to represent the [[near-close near-back rounded vowel]] ({{IPA|/ʊ/}} in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]).<ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/WG2/docs/n2457.pdf ''Proposal for 3 Additional Double Diacritics''], 2002-05-10.</ref>

The triple breve below is used in the phonetic writing [[Rheinische Dokumenta]] for three-letter combinations.<ref>[http://www.pentzlin.com/DiacriticalMarkRheindok.pdf ''Proposal to encode a combining diacritical mark for Low German dialect writing''], Karl Pentzlin, 2008-10-25</ref>

In the field of computing, the Unicode character {{unichar|2040|CHARACTER TIE}} is used to represent concatenation of sequences in [[Z notation]]. For example, "s⁀t" represents the concatenation sequence of sequences called ''s'' and ''t'', while the notation "⁀/q" is the distributed concatenation of the sequence of sequences called ''q''.<ref>[http://spivey.oriel.ox.ac.uk/mike/zrm/index.html ''The Z Notation: a reference manual''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110214746/http://spivey.oriel.ox.ac.uk/mike/zrm/index.html |date=2010-01-10 }}, J. M. Spivey.</ref>

In [[proofreading]], the undertie was used to indicate that word in a manuscript had been divided incorrectly by a space. (See {{format link|Hyphen#Origin and history}}). The indicator used in modern practice is {{unichar|2050|close up}}.

== Encoding ==
{| class="wikitable unicode"
! name !! character !! HTML code !! Unicode !! Unicode name !! sample
|-
! colspan="6" | non-spacing
|-
| double breve || ◌͝◌ || &amp;#861; || U+035D || {{Smallcaps|combining double breve}} || o͝o
|-
| ligature tie || ◌͡◌ ||&amp;#865; || U+0361 || {{Smallcaps|combining double inverted breve}} || {{IPA|/k͡p/}}
|-
| ligature tie below, <br/>enotikon || ◌͜◌ || &amp;#860; || U+035C || {{Smallcaps|combining double breve below}} || {{IPA|/k͜p/}}
|-
! colspan="6" | spacing
|-
| undertie, <br/>enotikon || ‿ || &amp;#8255; || U+203F || {{Smallcaps|undertie}} || {{IPA|/vuz‿ave/}}
|-
| tie|| ⁀ || &amp;#8256; || U+2040 || {{Smallcaps|character tie}} || s⁀t
|-
| inverted undertie|| ⁔ || &amp;#8276; || U+2054 || {{Smallcaps|inverted undertie}} || o⁔o
|-
|}

The diacritic marks ''triple inverted breve'', ''triple breve'', and ''double inverted breve'' do not have explicit code-points in Unicode, but can be reproduced using [[Combining Half Marks|combining half marks]].

Unicode has characters similar to the tie:
* {{unichar|23DC|top parenthesis}} and {{unichar|23DD|bottom parenthesis}}
* {{unichar|2322|frown}} and {{unichar|2323|smile}}
* {{unichar|2050|close up}}, which is a [[proofreading mark]]

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link |Typographic ligature}}
* {{Annotated link |Legato}}
* {{Annotated link |Breve}}
* {{Annotated link |Inverted breve}}
* {{Annotated link |Underscore}}

== References ==
<references/>

{{navbox punctuation}}

[[Category:Greek-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typography]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek punctuation]]