Treasure of Guarrazar

Votive crowns and crosses, from a 19th-century lithograph.

Detail of the votive crown of Reccesuinth, hanging in Madrid. The hanging letters spell [R]ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET [King R. offers this].^[1]

39°48′41″N 4°8′57″W / 39.81139°N 4.14917°W / 39.81139; -4.14917

The Treasure of Guarrazar, Guadamur, Province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain, is an archeological find composed of twenty-six votive crowns and gold crosses that had originally been offered to the Roman Catholic Church by the Kings of the Visigoths in the seventh century in Hispania, as a gesture of the orthodoxy of their faith and their submission to the ecclesiastical hierarchy.^[2] The most valuable of all is the votive crown of king Reccesuinth with its blue sapphires from Sri Lanka and pendilia. Though the treasure is now divided and much has disappeared, it represents the best surviving group of Early Medieval Christian votive offerings.

The treasure, which represents the high point of Visigothic goldsmith's work,^[3] was dug between 1858 and 1861 in an orchard called Guarrazar, in Guadamur, very close to Toledo, Spain. The treasure was divided, with some objects going to the Musée de Cluny in Paris^[4] and the rest to the armouries of the Palacio Real in Madrid (today in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain). In 1921 and 1936, some items of the Treasure of Guarrazar were stolen and have disappeared.

Some comparable Visigothic filigree gold was found in 1926 at Torredonjimeno in the province of Jaén, consisting of fragments of votive crowns and crosses.^[5]

Description

The jewellery found at Guarrazar is part of a continuous tradition of Iberian metalworking that goes back to prehistoric times. These Visigothic works were influenced heavily by the Byzantines, but the techniques of gem encrustation found at Guarrazar were practised throughout the Germanic world and the style of the lettering was Germanic too. The crowns, however, were purely Byzantine in form and never meant to be worn. They were gifts to the church, to be hung above the altar.

The most valuable remaining pieces of the find are the two royal votive crowns: one of King Reccesuinth and one of King Suinthila. Both are made of gold, encrusted with sapphires, pearls, and other precious stones. Suinthila's was stolen in 1921 and never recovered. There are several other small crowns and many votive crosses. There were belts in the original find as well, but these have since vanished.

These findings, together with other of some neighbors and with the archaeological excavation of the Ministry of Public Works and the Royal Academy of History (April 1859), formed a group consisting of:

National Archaeological Museum of Spain: six crowns, five crosses, a pendant and remnants of foil and channels (almost all of gold).
Royal Palace of Madrid: a crown and a gold cross and a stone engraved with the Annunciation. A crown, and other fragments of a tiller with a crystal ball were stolen from the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1921 and its whereabouts are still unknown.
National Museum of the Middle Ages, Paris: three crowns, two crosses, links and gold pendants.

There were also many fragments of sculptures and the remains of a building, perhaps a Roman sanctuary or place of purification. After its dedication to Christian worship as a church or oratory, it housed a number of graves. A skeleton lying on a bed of lime and sand was found in the best preserved grave. Its well-preserved stone slate has a Latin inscription that mentions a priest named Crispín, dating from 693 (51st year of the reign of Égica, year of the Sixteenth Council of Toledo). This slate is now in the National Archeological Museum of Spain in Madrid. The inscription on the Sónnica cross, a piece preserved in Paris, gives an indication about the name of this church.

INDNI

NOM
INE
OFFERET SONNICA
ACTE
MA
RIE
INS
ORBA

CES

According to some hypothesis, the monastery of Sancta Maria in Sorbaces of Guarrazar served as a hideout for the real treasure of the court, Toledo churches and monasteries to prevent their capture by the Muslims' invasion of Spain.

Notes

^ The first R is held at the Musée de Cluny, Paris.
^ Musée National du Moyen Âge, Hôtel de Cluny: the Musée de Cluny conserves one of the votive crowns.
^ M.F. Guerra, T. Galligaro, A. Perea, "The treasure of Guarrazar : Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula", Archeometry 49.1 (2007) pp. 53-74.
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, s.v. "Crown"
^ Described and compared in Alicia Perea, "Visigothic filigree in the Guarrazar (Toledo) and Torredonjimeno (Jaén) treasures," Historic Metallurgy 40.1 (2006).

References

Amador de los Rios, José (1861). El arte latino-bizantino en España y las coronas visigodas de Guarrazar: ensayo histórico-crítico (1861) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta Nacional.
Guerra, Maria Filomena; Calligaro, Thomas; Perea, Alicia (2007). "The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the visigothic Iberian peninsula". Archaeometry. 49 (1). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 53–74. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x. ISSN 0003-813X.
Williams, Leonard (1907). "Gold, silver, and jewel work. Iron-work". The arts and crafts of older Spain. Vol. 1. London: T. N. Foulis.
Perea, Alicia. El Tesoro Visigodo De Guarrazar (in Spanish). Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. ISBN 84-00-07732-6.
Calligaro, Thomas; Dran, J.-C.; Poirot, J.-P.; Querré, G.; Salomon, J.; Zwaan, J. C. (2000). "PIXE/PIGE characterisation of emeralds using an external micro-beam". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. 161–163. Elsevier: 769–774. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(99)00974-X.
Dran, Jean-Claude (2002). "Accelerators in Art and Archaeology" (PDF). Proceedings of 8th European Particle Accelerator Conference. CERN: 124–128.
Perea, Alicia. El tesoro visigodo de Guarrazar (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 2001.
Eger, Christoph (2004). "Krone und Kreuz König Svinthilas: Westgotische Hofkunst und Plate-inlaying". Madrider Mitteilungen. 45. Wiesbaden: Reichert: 449–506. ISSN 0418-9744.

One of the votive crowns.
Votive crown and cross.
Votive cross.
Votive crown and cross.
The Great Cross.

External links

Template:En icon The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Treasure of Guarrazar (p. 53-59)
Template:Es icon Tesoro de Guarrazar, Municipio de Guadamur - Toledo
Template:Fr icon Musée National du Moyen Âge, Hôtel de Cluny: Couronne votive.

[1] The first R is held at the Musée de Cluny, Paris.

[2] Musée National du Moyen Âge, Hôtel de Cluny: the Musée de Cluny conserves one of the votive crowns.

[3] M.F. Guerra, T. Galligaro, A. Perea, "The treasure of Guarrazar : Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula", Archeometry 49.1 (2007) pp. 53-74.

[4] Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, s.v. "Crown"

[5] Described and compared in Alicia Perea, "Visigothic filigree in the Guarrazar (Toledo) and Torredonjimeno (Jaén) treasures," Historic Metallurgy 40.1 (2006).

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v t e Crux gemmata
Form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
6th–9th century	Cross of Justin II Cross of the Angels Cross of Agilulf Cross of Gisulf Cross of Desiderius Treasure of Guarrazar Ardennes Cross
10th century	Victory Cross Cross of Otto and Mathilde Cross of Lothair Cross of Peñalba
11th century	Cross of Mathilde Essen cross with large enamels Imperial Cross Cross of Theophanu Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes Cross of Stift Enger
12th century	Cross of Cong Cross of Adelheid Cross of Chersonesus