# Turán's method

In mathematics, Turán's method provides lower bounds for exponential sums and complex power sums. The method has been applied to problems in equidistribution.

The method applies to sums of the form

${\displaystyle s_{\nu }=\sum _{n=1}^{N}b_{n}z_{n}^{\nu }\ }$

where the b and z are complex numbers and ν runs over a range of integers. There are two main results, depending on the size of the complex numbers z.

## Turán's first theorem

The first result applies to sums sν where ${\displaystyle |z_{n}|\geq 1}$ for all n. For any range of ν of length N, say ν = M + 1, ..., M + N, there is some ν with |sν| at least c(MN)|s0| where

${\displaystyle c(M,N)=\left({\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}{\binom {M+k}{k}}2^{k}}\right)^{-1}\ .}$

The sum here may be replaced by the weaker but simpler ${\displaystyle \left({\frac {N}{2e(M+N)}}\right)^{N-1}}$.

We may deduce the Fabry gap theorem from this result.

## Turán's second theorem

The second result applies to sums sν where ${\displaystyle |z_{n}|\leq 1}$ for all n. Assume that the z are ordered in decreasing absolute value and scaled so that |z1| = 1. Then there is some ν with

${\displaystyle |s_{\nu }|\geq 2\left({\frac {N}{8e(M+N)}}\right)^{N}\min _{1\leq j\leq N}\left\vert {\sum _{n=1}^{j}b_{n}}\right\vert \ .}$