Tyrian shekel
Tyrian shekels, tetradrachms, or tetradrachmas were coins of Tyre, which in the Roman Empire took on an unusual role as the medium of payment for the Temple tax in Jerusalem, and subsequently gained notoriety as a likely mode of payment for Judas Iscariot.
In the latest standard, which was also the one used for the temple tax, the coins bore the likeness of the Phoenician god Melqart or Baal, accepted as the Olympian Herakles by the Greeks and derided as Beelzebub by Jews in the time of the Seleucids, wearing the laurel reflecting his role in the Tyrian games and the ancient Olympic Games.
They also bore the Greek inscription "ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ" (Tyrou hieras kai asylou, "of Tyre the holy [city] and [city] of refuge").[1] The coins were the size of a modern Israeli half-shekel and were issued by Tyre, in that form, between 126 BC and 56 AD. Earlier Tyrian coins with the value of a tetradrachm, bearing various inscriptions and images, had been issued beginning in the latter half of the fifth century B.C.[2]
After the Roman Empire closed down the mint in Tyre, the Roman authorities allowed the Jewish rabbanim to continue minting Tyrian shekels in Palestine, but with the requirement that the coins should continue to bear the same image and text to avoid objections that the Jews were given autonomy.[3] They were replaced by First Jewish Revolt coinage in 66 AD.
The Tyrian shekel were considered tetradrachms by the Greeks, as they weighed four Athenian drachmas, about 14 grams, more than earlier 11-gram shekels but regarded as equivalent for religious duties at that time.[4] Because Roman coinage was only 80% silver, the purer (94% or more) Tyrian shekels were required[5] to pay the temple tax in Jerusalem.
The money changers referenced in the New Testament Gospels (Matt. 21:12 and parallels) exchanged Tyrian shekels for common Roman currency.[6][7]
See also
- History of currency
- List of historical currencies
- Shekel
- Carthaginian shekel, generally roughly half a Tyrian shekel
- Jerusalem shekel
- Bar Kochba shekel
References
- ^ "Tyrian Shekel".
- ^ Historia numorum: a manual of Greek numismatics. Syria, &c.
- ^ "Jerusalem's Tyrian Shekels: a lesson in priorities".
- ^ "Ancient Jewish Coins Related to the Works of Josephus". Archived from the original on 2005-02-16.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help), citing David Hendin's Guide to Biblical Coins and Y. Meshorer's Ancient Jewish Coinage. - ^ "Jerusalem's Tyrian Shekels: a lesson in priorities".
- ^ "The role of coins in the First Revolt". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Israel photos III".
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