Unkenreflex
Unkenreflex – interchangeably referred to as unken reflex (Unke is the German word for the genus of fire-bellied toads) – is a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class – including salamanders, toads, and certain species of frogs.[1] Implemented most often in the face of an imminent attack by a predator, unkenreflex is characterized by the subject’s contortion or arching of its body to reveal previously hidden bright colors of the ventral side, tail, or inner limb; the subject remains immobile while in unkenreflex.[2]
During the course of unkenreflex, the amphibian in question releases toxins from its parotid glands, tenses its entire body, and swallows air to bloat itself in an attempt to look larger.[3] These secretions, along with the aposematic coloring common among the amphibians which display unkenreflex, serve as a warning to nearby predators that the amphibian may be poisonous.[4]
Not all amphibians which display unkenreflexes possess aposematic coloring, nor do all amphibians display unkenreflex to the same degree.[5] Certain species of anurans, such as the adult male Rana macrocnemis, only half-complete unkenreflex by only twisting its body slightly and not revealing the entire underside coloring.[6] This half completion of unkenreflex can be found both in species that display aposematic coloring and those that do not; unkenreflex is not entirely limited to poisonous amphibians.[7]
This behavior is named after the fire-bellied toad (German: Unke; combining form: Unken-) which exhibits this reflex.
See also
References
- ^ Carretero, M. A., Sillero, N., Corti, C., Jorge, F., Freitas, S., & Arakelyan, M. (2011). Unkenreflex in Rana macrocnemis from Armenia. Herpetology Notes, 67-69.
- ^ Pröhl, H., & Ostrowski, T. (2011). Behavioural elements reflect phenotypic colour divergence in a poison frog. Evolutionary Ecology, 993-1015.
- ^ Harkewicz, K. A. (2004). Maintenance of bombina species of frogs. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 229-233.
- ^ Gohli, J., & Högstedt, G. (2010). Reliability in Aposematic Signaling: Thoughts on evolution and aposematic life. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 9-11.
- ^ Pröhl, H., & Ostrowski, T. (2011). Behavioural elements reflect phenotypic colour divergence in a poison frog. Evolutionary Ecology, 993-1015.
- ^ Carretero, M. A., Sillero, N., Corti, C., Jorge, F., Freitas, S., & Arakelyan, M. (2011). Unkenreflex in Rana macrocnemis from Armenia. Herpetology Notes, 67-69.
- ^ Brodie, Edmund (1989), Venomous Animals: 300 Animals in Full Color, Western Publishing, ISBN 0-307-24074-6.