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Huancayo

Malnutrition in Peru

Talk:Indigenous peoples in Peru

Healthcare in Peru

Evaluating two articles

Huancayo Page:

In this article, a lot of the things I noticed had to do with the layout of the page and the wording of explanations. The first thing I notice when I go on this page are the images, and I wondered why they were all titled Santisima Trinidad de Huancyo, if they all pertain to a different areas of Peru which is evident when you click on the image individually and in the middle of the page, where we see the same images once again. Given that the images are used again in the middle of the article, there is a huge gap of blank space between the demographics section and data table.

Another thing I noticed about this page was that there wasn't any in-text citations for the sub-heading titled Recent situation which may require some editing to validate the current statements and provide further insight about Huancayo's current situation. It also felt weird that Notable people were found at the bottom of the page. It seems like a minor factor that alludes to the layout of the page but it just felt natural to question why they weren't located higher on the page.

In terms of the sources, two of the hyperlinks were not accessible and resulted in an error but the archived documents linked next to the website were retrievable. I wondered if having the physical link was still necessary even though it led to an error. One of the sources was an online article used to cite a sentence in the transportation section but I wonder if a better source can be found to support those claims.

The talk page of this article focused primarily on the source's links.

Malnutrition in Peru Page:

The author of this page was a student at Rice University who created the page as an assignment. As in the article about Huancayo, some minor improvements may include re-wording and restructuring of order. This page was different from the page about Huancayo, since it did not contain any images which was my first impression but given the topic, it made sense to not have images. Since the article describes the differences in regions based on the current conditions, I thought it would be helpful to include images that can demonstrate such characteristics. The overall organization of the page followed a great order since it introduced the topic, causes, and solutions. This author did provide an extensive amount of sources which adds on to the credibility of information presented.

Much of this article also focused on the high levels of malnutrition present in impoverished communities and providing further reasoning for those conditions. However, I think that it may be important to consider why the percentage of malnutrition present in impoverished and affluent communities the same. If I choose to dive deeper into the causes, this article then becomes a form of research rather than an encyclopedia article so I am not sure how to take on that task.

The talk page of this article consists of thoughts for improvement related to updating statistics about the programs that have been implemented in Peru and an expansion on relief efforts of malnutrition aside from government help, possibly focusing on non-profit sector. There was also a suggestion added about including more details for the numbers (%) used to describe conditions and more details in general about the interventions that have been used.

Bibliography

Huancayo Article

This article provides a more modern description of Hunacayo which is a section in the article that needs more citations. Another thing the authors explore is the ways in which land is used in Huancayo which was interesting because the city has potential benefits from crop production, but climate conditions don’t allow it. This made me think about adding a climate section in the article since there isn’t one currently. Huancayo's recent growth is traced back to community, manufacturing and commerce of agricultural and animal products, such as wheat, potatoes, milk, textiles, and leather. Hunacayo's economic development and metropolitan growth have been a result of its inhabitants.

--this article touches base on the idea that the metropolitan districts' have the potential to produce annual and biennial crops, except climate conditions and lack of water prevent the growth of agriculture in this region-- I want to look for more research on this topic but I am not sure if this material fits in this article.

The Wikipedia article, Agricultural history of Peru, does not have a section on this region of Peru.

Population growth of the metropolitan area was controlled to some extent by the ex-president Alberto Fujimori's sterilization campaign during the 1990's.

--this information may be relevant to the population's demographics; I wonder if this campaign impacted the preservation of indigenous communities (more research).

This book provides further details about the location of Huancayo and its town structure. It would be a good article to use because it corroborates a lot of the facts that are already described in the Wikipedia article. Given that the Wikipedia article does not provide an extensive description about the demographics or the dominant groups present within Huancayo, I think this article will provide me with information that can aid me in further exploring demographics.

This article will contribute to the section on Demographics in the Wikipedia article because it focuses on the historical context of indigenous populations and culture.

Online website:

http://www.world-guides.com/latin-america/peru/junin/huancayo/huancayo_history.html

This website provides information about the demographics and geography of Huancayo.

Pachacutec and Spanish Conquest; Insurmountable city nickname; Railway to Lima

This source provided more information about the development of the the railway that connects Lima and Huancayo. This was important in understanding the demographic shifts in the town and the economic growth of the city.

The transportation system put in place has a direct impact on the food people have access to. Given that environmental changes contribute to the abundance and/or lack of traditional food availability; indigenous populations are most impacted. Climate changes has serious implications on the production and survival of traditional foods, and hunting seasons. Indigenous communities perceive health through a holistic lens in which the entire community and their environment is taken into consideration rather than individually.

Huancayo festivals and attractions—modern day.

To further understand the culture surrounding Huancayo today, I visited this website and learned about present day traditions. It was important to see if the historical traditions are still practiced in this region since it was most populated by indigenous populations.

Water Supply Administration in Peru by Harris F. Siedel

In Peru, water supply is highly dependent on government finances per region. The larger water systems are financed and built by grants, increasing the amount of time people/communities wait for a water system implementation. By the time water systems are put in place, the level of distribution is not directly correlated to the necessity of the area due to an increase in population. An increase in water consumption results in poor services and continues to prolong water access due to lacking support to match the growth and expansion of water systems.

I thought this article was relevant to the region of Hunacayo because it describes how water infrastructure is developed in the rural counterparts of Peru.

Malnutrition in Peru

This article provides a full description of the “glass of milk” program that was implemented in Peru in hopes of alleviating malnutrition. The Wikipedia article on Malnutrition in Peru already provides details about the program and this article can further support the facts that are present. This article also acknowledges the limitations of the program and some of the negative components of the program that are not presented in the article. The process of distributing resources and the rules implemented for the program are examined in this article. Furthermore, an evaluation of the program is presented by examining the changes in nutrition among those who receive the milk and those who don’t.

In the article on Wikipedia, the author briefly mentions the regional differences within Peru and how that contributes to malnutrition. Using this article to edit the section on causes will provide further insight on how malnutrition is measured in Peru and what factors are used to determine the quality of life based on region.

By examining how malnutrition at a young age affects health in later years is essential in understanding the importance of intervention programs and how they disburse resources. This Wikipedia article describes the importance of access to food and briefly mentions how childhood malnutrition can impact the future, but I think it can be developed more. Food insecurity is not having access to food that can contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Food insecurity varies from time to time. This research found that children who have experienced food insecurity are more likely to have negative health outcomes as they age and are at higher risk of being overweight, having eating disorders and may also experience depressive symptoms.

Not having access to food can result in overeating when food is available. Overeating can lead to detrimental health issues and the inconsistent patterns of food consumption will negatively affect our health and growth.

During times of food deprivation, we strategically consider how to portion the food we have available to us. When food suddenly becomes abundant, we tend to eat excessively because, in some cases, we are unsure of when we will have food again.

This article investigate the relationship between indigenous populations and current food systems. Indigenous people are the oldest populations present in Peru and are slowly being displaced. In terms of their access to food, many environmental impacts such as arid areas, seasonal changes and lack of water have contributed to the varying amount of food. Indigenous people are disproportionately affected by poverty due to the lack of cultural components involved in interventions. As a result, indigenous people experience a higher rate of obesity, micro-nutrient, vitamin and mineral deficiencies.There is also a higher mortality rates among indigenous populations.

Infant eating patterns are affected when access to traditional foods are altered due to environment changes, and the role of outside markets. Local foods that are accessible to indigenous populations provide nutrients at a lower cost than market foods. When local crops, animals and other food resources become unavailable, indigenous and other local communities are faced with the challenge of going out of their region to access food which costs more and feeds less since most of their financial resources are used for travel.

This chapter of the book focuses on the nutrient intake of children at the earliest stages of their lives. The authors suggest that breastmilk should be a child’s first food because of its nutritional benefits. However, when parents do not have access to food plays a critical role in the mother’s ability to produce nutritious breastmilk.This is an ongoing cycle in which food insecurity affects the livelihood at any stage of life. In understanding the contributing factors of child malnutrition, we can identify the barriers to food access and provide interventions. The Glass of Milk program is crucial in Peru because it provides milk resources to impoverished communities. However, the program aims to support families with children (6 months-7 years old), pregnant and lactating mothers. Within the first six months of a child’s life, it is ideal for them to be breastfed but there are also setbacks in milk production and quality. The first six months of a child’s life are extremely crucial, which contributes to the rising rates of child mortality rate which also varies by region and ethnicity.

This chapter of the book examines the relationship of the Awajun community, an indigenous group of Peru, and the current food systems.It provides further insight on how people navigate food resources, programs that are available, who qualifies, the extent of their contribution and the health effects that arise.

This source consists of facts that describe malnutrition as a condition, causes and effects, and how malnutrition is measured. According to this article, malnutrition exists in all areas and throughout all stages of life but are highly prevalent among the elderly and those living with a chronic disease. Some causes of malnutrition include: reduced dietary intake, reduced absorption of macro and/or micronutrients, increased losses or altered requirements, and an increase in energy expenditure. Food intake reductions can affect the growth of cytokines, glucocorticoids, and insulin. When levels of food intake are low for a long period, our bodies begin to draw on tissues such as muscle, adipose and bones, significantly affecting our body formation and growth. One screening tool used to measure malnutrition is known as Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) using BMI, history of unintentional weight loss, and likelihood of future weight loss.

Both of the articles below provided insight on the differences in resources found in rural and urban regions of Peru. By understanding the quality of resources that are available, we can determine the access individuals have to food, health and other basic needs. They also provided more factual evidence about the distinctions between urban and rural health.

This article measures how the Peru's urban poor deal with food insecurity and economic hardship by examining the coping strategies they adapt. The urban poor spend a large portion of their food and do not have access to agriculture or land to grow their own food to subsidize their food intake when they are facing economic hardships. Urban dwellers become dependent on cash income for food and other basic needs because they cannot fall back on agriculture production like their rural counterparts. Urban dwellers are more affected by the price and income changes that take place in regards to food. For this reason, employment is essential in urban households to a be food secure.

Public spending has a positive impact on child growth, there are groups of individuals who do not benefit from public expenditures such as indigenous and frailer children.

14 percent of children were malnourished in urban areas, compared to 46 percent in rural areas.

Improvements in public expenditures increases access to health care in urban areas but it does not have in rural areas.

Health Disparities: Promoting Indigenous Peoples’ Health Through Traditional Food Systems and Self-Determination Chpt. 2

This chapter of the book focuses on the disparities that are present among people who have an unhealthy body weight from under and over-nutrition. An important factor they consider is the environment and their climate conditions that affect access to food. For instance, arid or semi-arid areas that experience drought result in seasonal fluctuations of food availability. They also encourage the implementation of programs that promote cultural strengths and self-determination. More importantly, programs need to consider traditional food systems and methods of preserving them to sustain indigenous health and well-being. To move forth with such programs, it is important to consider the role of indigenous people within their communities and the larger society. As of now, it is known that micronutrient deficiencies are most prevalent among poorer countries, women, and young children. Constraints in accessing traditional food sources, land and water all play a role in micronutrient deficiencies.

Food Insecurity

First off, food insecurity is having limited access or ability to acquire nutritional food consistently throughout a long period of time. Food insecurity is correlated to socioeconomic status and poverty levels. Poorer people consume less nutritional foods, leading to low quality health. Food insecurity is also interconnected to the underweight, stunting and wasting. Indigenous people’s view of health is not limited to individual health and the absence of disease, but also encompasses the health of the entire community and of the ecosystem on which it relies; this includes the concept of well-being, which is more that the absence of disease.

Reference Group Consumption and the Subjective Well-Being of the Poor in Peru by Monica Guillen-Royo

In this study, the author focuses on understanding if community consumption is influenced by region.

In Peru, more than half of the population is living under the poverty line. The study measures five consumption domains: food, health care, children’s education, housing and clothes. In their findings, they state that non-urban communities consume at lower levels in comparison to urban communities. Poor rural participants allocate more than half of their income to food (68%) in comparison to participants living in urban areas, who spend less than half of their income (46%). Furthermore, access to health care in rural areas is also limited due to the lack of facilities but in urban cities, there is a higher abundance of health care facilities.

Health care in Peru

In a broader perspective, the overall health system of Peru will provide more information about the resources that are provided, health care insurance programs, and accessibility. The authors provide further insight on how accessible a pap smear exam is to women by studying the barriers present among Peruvian women and doctor visits. Cervical cancer rate is rising among women who do not have access to the proper health programs or treatment. Cervical cancer can be prevented if caught early on, however, in Peru, women do not get tested because there are not enough facilities that provide pap smear exams. The small number of clinics that do provide this resource fall short on resources and do not always offer the procedure. In cases where a women’s results are abnormal, treatment options are minimal especially among rural communities. For example, Lima is one of the few places in which treatment is available but many women cannot travel or have the means do so.

Summarizing and Synthesizing

Huancayo Article Edits

History

Huancayo is located near the tierra fria attitudinal zone. Unlike the other nearby cities, the development of Huancayo's metropolitan areas are not a direct result of mining, rather it is due to manufacturing and commerce of agricultural and animal products, such as wheat, potatoes, milk, textiles, and leather.

Huancayo Metropolitano is made up of seven districts that form the urban center of Junin's region. This region is considered Peru's economic and social hub.

This metropolitan area belongs to the Quechua region and it is built on next to the Shullcas River that is a branch of the [[River]].

Recent Situation Section:

The city's rise began with the construction of a central railway Callao-La Oroya in 1908 and later extended from Lima to Huancayo in the early 1930's. The railway connection between Lima and Huancayo, introduced new ways of transporting goods. The railway's new avenues for transport contributed to the city's economic and population growth. Population growth was mostly present in [Tambo] and Chilica, two suburban districts near the highways. Furthermore, population growth between 1981 and 2007 was a result of in-migration due to terrorist attacks of Sendero Luminoso. People from highlands and amazonian lowlands sought refugee in Andean cities such as Huancayo.

Malnutrition in Peru Article Edits

Vasos de Leche Program section:

Description of Program

The Glass of Milk program is a well-funded program that disburses a substantial amount of milk resources primarily to poor households with low nutritional status; 60% of the allocated budget goes towards supporting the poor.

The government chose to use milk as an in-kind benefit because it is assumed to contain an excessive amount of nutrients. The glass of milk program was introduced in Lima in 1984 and expanded nationally in 1998. Transfers to municipalities are conducted monthly and each municipality has an administrative committee put in place that is in charge of deciding who, what, and how much of the resource is disbursed. This program may also provide recipients with cereal instead of milk or a combination of both. Households with children under 6 years old are prioritized, followed by households with children 7-13 years old. Within the age groups, families are ranked based on need.

Effectiveness of Program

This article challenges the implementation of the program and it effectiveness in improving malnutrition:

It was found that the glass of milk program does not provide enough nutritional value when the appropriate diet is inaccessible to the child. In order to benefit from the milk's nutrients, consumers must have access to root crops. Lacking consumption of [[[1]]] can counteract the positive effects of milk nutrients. The Glass of Milk program provides milk resources to impoverished communities. However, the program aims to support families with children (6 months-7 years old), pregnant and lactating mothers. Within the first six months of a child’s life, it is ideal for them to be breastfed but there are also setbacks in milk production and quality. Not having access to adequate food is critical in the mother’s ability to produce nutritious breast milk.

Despite the millions of dollars that are spent each year on similar programs that aim to improve nutritional outcomes, the program's efforts have not been proven to significantly improve the nutritional outcomes of their targeted population.

Other thoughts for Malnutrition in Peru, perhaps a new section that describes food access for indigenous populations who are disproportionately affected by malnutrition.

Environmental barriers in food access

Not having access to food can result in overeating when food is available. Overeating can lead to detrimental health issues and the inconsistent patterns of food consumption will negatively affect our health and growth.

Some causes of malnutrition include: reduced dietary intake, reduced absorption of macro and/or micro-nutrients, increased losses or altered requirements, and an increase in energy expenditure. Food intake reductions can affect the growth of cytokines, glucocorticoids, and insulin. When levels of food intake are low for a long period, our bodies begin to draw on tissues such as muscle, adipose and bones, significantly affecting our body formation and growth.

Indigenous people are the oldest populations present in Peru and are slowly being displaced. Environmental factors such as arid areas, seasonal changes and lack of water have contributed to the varying amount of food. Indigenous people experience a higher rate of obesity, micro-nutrient, vitamin, mineral deficiencies and higher child mortality rates.

Infant mortality in Peru was on average much higher (42.1 per 1,000) from 1995 to 2000 than in other Latin American countries. The prevalence of poverty, mortality and malnutrition vary by geographic regions. Three distinct geographic zones make up Peru: the Pacific coastal area, the Selva, lowland jungle of the Amazon River basin and the Sierra, Andean highlands. is divided into three major geographic zones. Richer and more developed cities like Lima are located in the Pacific coastal are. The Selva includes an array of forest areas and their inhabitants are scattered throughout the area. It is difficult to access them due to geography and climate. In the Andean highlands, 73% of the population live below the poverty line and 40% of them live in extreme poverty, most of whom belong to indigenous populations.

This article measures how the Peru's urban poor deal with food insecurity and economic hardship by examining the coping strategies they adapt. The urban poor spend a large portion of their food and do not have access to agriculture or land to grow their own food to subsidize their food intake when they are facing economic hardships. Urban dwellers become dependent on cash income for food and other basic needs because they cannot fall back on agriculture production like their rural counterparts. Urban dwellers are more affected by the price and income changes that take place in regards to food. For this reason, employment is essential in urban households to a be food secure.

Infant eating patterns are affected when access to traditional foods are altered because of environment changes, and the role of outside markets. Local foods accessible to indigenous populations provide nutrients at a lower cost than market foods. When local crops, animals and other food resources become unavailable, indigenous and other local communities are faced with the challenge of going out of their region to access food which costs more and feeds less since most of their financial resources are used for travel.

Public spending has a positive impact on child growth, there are groups of individuals who do not benefit from public expenditures such as indigenous and frailer children.

Infant mortality in rural areas was 53 per 1,000, compared to 27 per 1,000 in urban areas and 14 percent of children are malnourished in urban areas, compared to 46 percent in rural areas. Nutritional deprivation negatively impacts cognitive development and human capital formation.

Improvements in public expenditures increases access to health care in urban areas but it does not have in rural areas.

40% of children in rural areas suffered from chronic malnutrition and 13% in urban areas.

My Contributions

Huancayo Article:

For this article, there was very little research found on the region in general. A lot of the information I found was already on the page so I decided to focus on developing the section that describes the city's current situation. In doing so, I added more information about the most current development changes and economic growth that has taken place as a result of the railroad construction connecting Lima and Huancayo. I also added more information about the grographic regions surrounding Huancayo.

Malnutrition in Peru Article:

In this article, I focused on adding information about the effectiveness of the Vasos de Leche Program (Glass of Milk). I also added more information about the causes of malnutrition in Peru and the differences found between urban and rural areas in terms of resource access and child growth patterns.I also added information about the effects malnutrition has on child growth and development; mostly adding facts and percentages.