User:Aashakashah/Adrenal crisis
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Article Draft[edit]
Adrenal crisis is a potentially life-threatening medical condition requiring immediate emergency treatment. It is a constellation of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the hormone cortisol.[1] This may be the result of either previously undiagnosed or untreated Addison's disease, a disease process suddenly affecting adrenal function (such as bleeding from the adrenal glands in Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome), suddenly stopping intake of glucocorticoids or an intercurrent problem (e.g. infection, trauma, in fact any form of physical or mental stress) in someone known to have Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), or other form of primary adrenal insufficiency.
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Characteristic symptoms are:[2]
- Sudden penetrating pain in the legs, lower back or abdomen
- Confusion, psychosis, slurred speech
- Severe lethargy
- Convulsions
- Fever
- Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium level in the blood)
- Hypercalcemia (elevated calcium level in the blood): the cause of hypercalcemia is a combination of increased calcium input into the extracellular space and reduced calcium removal by the kidney, this last caused by decreased glomerular filtration and increased tubular calcium reabsorption. Both renal factors are secondary to volume depletion and, in fact, improve rapidly during rehydration with saline infusion.[3]
- Hypoglycemia (reduced level of blood glucose)
- Hyponatremia (low sodium level in the blood)
- Hypotension (low blood pressure)
- Hypothyroidism (low T4 level)
- Severe vomiting and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration
- Syncope (transient loss of consciousness) and/or orthostatic hypotension (drop in blood pressure on standing, leading to loss of balance)
Causes[edit]
Adrenal crisis is caused by a deficiency of cortisol resulting from Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), corticosteroid biosynthetic enzyme defects or pituitary disorders (such as Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, hypopituitarism (inactive or underactive pituitary) causing failure to activate the adrenal glands.[citation needed]
Diagnosis[edit]
Various investigations aid the diagnosis:[citation needed]
- ACTH (cosyntropin) stimulation test
- Cortisol level (to assess the level of glucocorticoids)
- Fasting blood sugar
- Serum potassium (to assess the level of mineralocorticoids)
- Serum sodium
Prevention[edit]
Adrenal crisis is triggered by physiological stress (such as trauma) or severe psychological stress. Activities that have an elevated risk of trauma are best avoided. Treatment must be given within two hours of trauma and consequently it is advisable to carry injectable hydrocortisone in remote areas.[4]
Treatment[edit]
Acute adrenal insufficiency is a medical emergency and needs to be treated with injectable hydrocortisone and fluid support.[5]
- 1L of 0.9% saline over 30-60 min with 100mg of i.v. Bolus hydrocortisone.
- Continuous infusion of saline within 24hours with 100mg I.m. hydrocortisone 6-hourly.
- Glucose
- To be shifted to oral medication based on the patient’s state. Hydrocortisone 20mg 8-hourly reduced to 20-30mg in divided doses over few days.
- Fludrocortisone is given later.
Epidemiology[edit]
Hahner et al. investigated the frequency, causes and risk factors for adrenal crisis in patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency.[6]
References[edit]
- ^ "Acute adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)". Endocrine Surgery Encyclopedia. UCLA Health System. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Addison's Disease". National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ Muls, E.; Bouillon, R.; Boelaert, J.; Lamberigts, G.; Van Imschoot, S.; Daneels, R.; De Moor, P. (1982). "Etiology of hypercalcemia in a patient with Addison's disease". Calcified Tissue International. 34 (6): 523–526. doi:10.1007/BF02411297. PMID 6819071. S2CID 11384341.
- ^ Hydrocortisone The Pituitary Foundation, UK
- ^ "Acute adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)". Endocrine Surgery Encyclopedia. UCLA Health System. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ Hahner, S.; Loeffler, M.; Bleicken, B.; Drechsler, C.; Milovanovic, D.; Fassnacht, M.; Ventz, M.; Quinkler, M.; Allolio, B. (2 December 2009). "Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies". European Journal of Endocrinology. 162 (3): 597–602. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0884. PMID 19955259.