User:Adamsa123/Arabic and Hebrew grammar

Arabic and Hebrew.

Nominal sentences vs verbal sentences

In Arabic language there are two types of sentences:

1. The Nominal Sentence meaning الْجُمْلَةُ الاسْمِيَّة‎ - this sentence starts (mostly) with a noun.
2. The Verbal Sentence meaning الْجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَّةُ‎ - this sentence starts (mostly) with a verb.

Examples

Sentence	Example 1	Example 2
The Nominal Sentence	أَحْمَدُ ذَهَبَ إِلَىٰ الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ אחמד הלך אל האוניברסיטה.‎ Ahmad went to the university	أَحْمَدُ ذَهَبَ إِلَىٰ الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ אחמד הלך אל האוניברסיטה.‎ Ahmad went to the university
The Verbal Sentence	خَرَجَ الْمُدَرِّسُ مِنْ فَصْلٍ.‎ יצא המורה מכתה.‎ The teacher went out of a class	الْمُدَرِّسُ خَرَجَ مِنْ فَصْلٍ.‎ המורה יצא מכתה.‎ The teacher went out of a class

In nominal sentences, the first word is /Mubtada’/ which must be noun or pronoun while the remaining parts of the sentences are the /khabar/. A /mubtada’/ must be in the nominative case and takes –originally- single /đammah/ when it is definite and two /đammas/ when it is indefinite. Therefore the subject /Mubtada’/ is always a single noun or pronoun.

Nominal sentence examples:

English	Arabic
Ahmad is a student	أَحْمَدُ طَالِبٌ.‎ אחמד תלמיד.‎
He is a good student.	هُوَ طَالِبٌ جَيِّدٌ.‎ הוא תלמיד טוב.‎
Muhammad went out of the university.	مُحَمَّدٌ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ מוחמד יצא מן האוניברטיסה.‎
Khalid is in the hospital.	خَالِدٌ فِي الْمُسْتَشْفَى.‎ חאלד בתוך הבית חולים.‎
Ahmad's father is intelligent.	أحْمَدُ وَالِدُهُ ذَكِيٌّ.‎ אבא של אחמד הוא גאון.‎
Khalid went to the hospital.	خَالِدٌ ذَهَبَ إلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى.‎ חאלד הלך אל הבית חולים.‎
Fatima is in the kitchen.	فَاطِمَةُ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ פאטימה בתוך המטבח.‎
Fatima is in the kitchen.	فَاطِمَةُ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ פאטימה בתוך המטבח.‎

In vercal sentences, the first word mostly starts with a verb, and it has 3 parts in the following order:

1. Verb /Fiξlun/.
2. Subject /Fāξilun/ فَاعِلٌ‎.
3. Direct-Object /Mafξūlun/.

When the object /Mafξūlun/ is a noun it always takes an accusative case i.e., it will be signed with a single /fatħah/ when definite and double /fatħah/ (fatħatain) when indefinite. However when the object /Mafξūlun/ is an expression with preposition /ĵārrun wa Maĵrūrun/ then it takes the genitive case as a result of the preposition.

Verbal sentence examples:

Types of Object /Mafξūlun/	English	Arabic
Genitive Construction /ĵārrun wa Maĵrūrun/	Ahmad went to the university.	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ הלך אחמד אל האוניברסיטה.‎
	The teacher went out of a class.	خَرَجَ الْمُدَرِّسُ مِنْ فَصْلٍ.‎ יצא המורה מכתה.‎
	Yasir went out of the school	خَرَجَ يَاسِرٌ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.‎ יצא יאסר מן הבית ספר.‎
	The man went to the house.	ذَهَبَ الرَّجُلُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ הלך האיש אל הבית.‎
A noun	Ahmad ate an apple.	أَكَلَ أَحْمَدُ تُفَّاحًا.‎ אכל אחמד תפוח.‎

Demonstratives

Singular

Arabic & Hebrew have no word which is equal to the English word "is" which is referred to as a “copula” in grammar. We can see this rule demonstrated above where we see the words for هَـٰذَا‎ and the noun/predicate مَسْجِدٌ‎ being referred to without any copula. i.e., هَـٰذَا مَسْجِدٌ‎. If read literally this sentence would read "This a mosque", however, the word "is" can be implied in this sentence so that it reads "This is a mosque".

Singular demonstratives

English	This	That
Masculine	هَـٰذَا‎ זה‎	ذَلِكَ‎ זאת‎
Feminine	هٰذِهِ‎‎ זה‎	تِلْكَ‎‎ זאת‎

There is no word in Arabic corresponding to "a" in English as in: "This is a book". The n-sound, i.e. the /tanwīn/ (doubled vowel sign) at the end of the Arabic noun (kitābu-n, baitu-n, masĴidu-n) is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English "a/an".

Simple examples

Answer	Question
What is this? This is a book.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا كِتَابٌ.‎
What is this? This is the book.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا الْكِتَابُ.‎
What is this? This is a house.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا بَيْتٌ.‎
What is this? This is the house.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا الْبَيْتُ.‎
What is this? This is a shirt.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا قَمِيصٌ.‎ זה חולצה.‎
Is this a key? No, this is a pen.	أَهَـٰذَا مِفْتَاحٌ؟ لا، هَـٰذَا قَلَمٌ.‎
What is this? Yes, this is a house.	أَهَـٰذَا بَيْتٌ؟ نَعَمْ، هَـٰذَا بَيْتٌ.‎
Is this a bed? No, this is a chair.	هَـٰذَا سَرِيرٌ؟ لا، هَـٰذَا كُرْسِيٌّ.‎
What is this? This is a star.	مَا هَـٰذَا؟ هَـٰذَا نَجْمٌ.‎
Is this a shirt? No, this is a handkerchief.	أَهَـٰذَا قَمِيصٌ؟ لا، هَـٰذَا مِنْدِيلٌ.‎
What is this and what is that? This is a horse and that is a donkey.	مَا هَـٰذَا وَمَا ذَلِكَ؟ هَـٰذَا حِصَانٌ وَذلِكَ حِمارٌ.‎
Is that a dog? No, that is a cat.	أَذَلِكَ كَلْبٌ؟ لا، ذَلِكَ قِطٌ.‎
Who is this and who is that? This is a teacher and that is an imam.	مَنْ هَـٰذَا وَمَنْ ذَلِكَ؟ هَـٰذَا مُدَرِّسٌ وَذَلِكَ إِمَامٌ.‎
What is That? This is a rock.	مَا ذَلِكَ؟ ذَلِكَ حَجَرٌ.‎
What is this and what is that? This is sugar and that is milk.	مَا هَـٰذَا وَمَا ذَلِكَ؟ هَـٰذَا سُكَّرٌ وَذَلِكَ لَبَنٌ.‎
Who is this? This is Amina.	مَنْ هَـٰذِهِ؟ هَـٰذِهِ آمِنَةُ.‎
and who is that? That is Fatima.	وَمَنْ تِلْكَ؟ تِلْكَ فَاطِمَةُ.‎
Is that a hen?	أَتِلْكَ دَجَاجَةٌ؟ لاَ، تِلْكَ بَطَّةٌ.‎
This is a lady doctor	هَـٰذِهِ طَبِيبَةٌ.‎ זוהי רופאה.‎
This is a fruit.	هَـٰذِهِ فَاكِهَةٌ.‎ זה פרי.‎
This is a bag	هَـٰذِهِ حَقِيبَةٌ.‎ זה תיק.‎
That is a bag	تِلْكَ حَقِيبَةٌ.‎ זה תיק.‎
That is a fruit.	تِلْكَ فَاكِهَةٌ.‎ זה פרי.‎
This is a car.	هَـٰذِهِ سَيَّارَةٌ.‎ זה מכונית.‎
This is a girl.	هَـٰذِهِ بِنْتٌ.‎ זאתי בת.‎
That is a girl.	تِلْكَ بِنْتٌ.‎ זאתי בת.‎
This is the son of Hamid and this is the daughter of Yasir. Hamid's son is sitting and Yasir's daughter is standing.	هَـٰذَا ابْنُ حَامِدٍ. وَهَـٰذِهِ بِنْتُ يَاسِرٍ. بْنُ حَامِدٍ جَالِسٌ. وَبِنْتُ يَاسِرٍ وَاقِفَةٌ..‎ זהו בנו של חמיד וזוהי בתו של יסיר. בנו של חמיד יושב ובתו של יסיר עומדת..‎
Whose car is this?	سَيَّارَةُ مَنْ هَـٰذِهِ؟‎ של מי המכונית הזאת?‎
This is the car of the principal.	هَـٰذِهِ سَيَّارَةُ الْمُدِيْرِ.‎ זאתי מכונתו של המנהל.‎
This is an eye	هَـٰذِهِ عَيْنٌ.‎ זה עין.‎
This is a nose	هَـٰذَا أَنْفٌ.‎ זה אף.‎
This is an ear	هَـٰذِهِ أُذُنٌ.‎ זה אוזן.‎
This is a tongue	هَـٰذَا لِسَانٌ.‎ זה לשון.‎
This is a foot	هَـٰذِهِ قَدَمٌ.‎ זה רגל.‎
This is a face	هَـٰذَا وَجْهٌ.‎ זה פנים.‎
This is a hand	هَـٰذِهِ يَدٌ.‎ זה יד.‎
This is a head	هَـذَا رَأسٌ.‎ זה ראש.‎
That is a lady teacher	تِلْكَ مُدَرِّسَةٌ.‎ זוהי מורה.‎
That is a bag	تِلْكَ حَقِيبَةٌ.‎ זה תיק.‎
This doctor is from India	هَذَا الطَّبِيبُ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ‎ זה רופא מהודו.‎
This car belongs to the director	هَذِهِ السَّيَّارَةُ لِلْمُدِيرِ‎ המכונית הזאת שייכת לאחראי.‎
That boy is Khalid's son	ذَلِكَ الْوَلَدُ ابْنُ خَالِدٍ‎ הילד הזה בן חאלד.‎
That watch is from Switzerland	تِلْكَ السَّاعَةُ مِنْ سُوِيسْرَا‎ השעון הזה משוויצריה.‎
This house belongs to the engineer	هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِلْمُهَنْدِسِ‎ הבית הזה של המהנדס.‎
That handkerchief is dirty	ذَلِكَ الْمِنْدِيلُ وَسِخٌ‎ הממחטה הזאת מלוכלכת.‎
This window is open	هَذَا الشُّبَاكُ مَفْتُوحٌ‎ החלון הזה פתוח.‎

Plural

There are two demonstratives (أَسْمَاءِ الإِشَارَةِ‎ asmā’ al-ishārah), near-deictic ('this') and far-deictic ('that'):

"This, these"

Gender		Singular	Dual	Plural
Masculine	nominative	هٰذَا‎ hādhā	هٰذانِ‎ hādhāni	هٰؤُلاءِ‎ hā’ulā’i
	accusative/genitive		هٰذَيْنِ‎ hādhayni
Feminine	nominative	هٰذِهِ‎ hādhihī	هاتانِ‎ hātāni
	accusative/genitive		هاتَيْنِ‎ hātayni

"That, those"

Gender		Singular	Dual	Plural
Masculine	nominative	ذٰلِكَ، ذاكَ‎ dhālika, dhāka	ذانِكَ‎ dhānika	أُولٰئكَ‎ ulā’ika
	accusative/genitive		ذَيْنِكَ‎ dhaynika
Feminine	nominative	تِلْكَ‎ tilka	تانِكَ‎ tānika
	accusative/genitive		تَيْنِكَ‎ taynika

Examples

English	Arabic
This is a teacher	هَذَا مُدَرِّسٌ.‎ זהו מורה.‎
These are teachers	هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسُونَ‎ אלו מורים.‎
This is a female student	هَذِهِ طَالِبَةٌ‎ זוהי תלמידה.‎
These are female students	هَؤُلاءِ طَالِبَاتٌ‎ אלה תלמידות.‎
This is an engineer	هَذَا مُهَنْدِسٌ‎ זהו מהנדס.‎
These are engineers	هَؤُلاءِ مُهَنْدِسُونَ‎ אלה מהנדסים.‎
This is a lady teacher	هَذِهِ مُدَرِّسَةٌ‎ זוהי מורה.‎
These are lady teachers	هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ‎ אלה מורות.‎
This is a farmer	هَذَا فَلاحٌ.‎ זהו חקלאי.‎
These are farmers	هَؤُلاءِ فَلاحُونَ‎ אלה חקלאים.‎
This is a female colleague	هَذِهِ زَمِيلَةٌ‎ זוהי שותפה לעבודה.‎
These are female colleagues	هَؤُلاءِ زَمِيْلاتٌ‎ אלה שותפות לעבודה.‎
This is hard-worker	هَذَا مُجْتَهِدٌ‎ זה חרוץ.‎
These are hard-workers	هَؤُلاءِ مُجْتَهِدُونَ‎ אלה חרוצים.‎
This is a wife	هَذِهِ زَوْجَةٌ‎ זה אישה.‎
These are wives	هَؤُلاءِ زَوْجَاتٌ‎ אלה נשים.‎
That is a father	ذَلِكَ أَبٌ‎ זה אב.‎
Those are fathers	أُولَـٰئِكَ آبَاءٌ‎ אלה אבות.‎
That is a mother	تِلْكَ أُمٌّ‎ זה אם.‎
Those are mothers	أُولَـٰئِكَ أُمَّهَاتٌ‎ אלה אמהות.‎
Who is that man?	مَنْ ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ؟‎ מי האיש הזה?‎
Who are those men?	مَنْ أُولَـٰئِكَ الرِّجَالُ؟‎ מי האנשים האלה?‎
Where is that girl?	أَيْنَ تِلْكَ الْبِنْتُ؟‎ איפה הבת הזאת?‎
Where are those girls?	أَيْنَ أُولَـٰئِكَ الْبَنَاتُ؟‎ איפה הבנות האלה?‎
That is a pilgrim	ذَلِكَ حَاجٌّ‎ זה עולה רגל.‎
Those are pilgrims	أُولَـٰئِكَ حُجَّاجٌ‎ אלה עולי רגל.‎
That is a nurse	تِلْكَ مُمَرِّضَةٌ‎ זה אחות.‎
Those are nurses	أُولَـٰئِكَ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ‎ אלה אחיות.‎
Singular: This is a teacher. Plural: These are teachers	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُدَرِّسٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسُونَ.‎ יחיד: זה מורה. רבים: אלה מורים.‎
Singular: This is a female student. Plural: These are female students	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ طَالِبَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ طَالِبَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זאת תלמידה. רבים: אלה תלמידות.‎
Singular: This is an engineer. Plural: These are engineers	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُهَنْدِسٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُهَنْدِسُونَ.‎ יחיד: זה מהנדס. רבים: אלה מהנדסים.‎
Singular: This is a lady teacher. Plural: These are lady teachers	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ مُدَرِّسَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זאת מורה. רבים: אלה מורות.‎
Singular: This is a farmer. Plural: These are farmers	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا فَلاحٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ فَلاحُونَ.‎ יחיד: זה פלח. רבים: אלה פלחים.‎
Singular: This is a female colleague. Plural: These are female colleagues	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ زَمِيلَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ زَمِيْلاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זאת עמיתה. רבים: אלה עמיתות.‎
Singular: This is hard working. Plural: These are hard working	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُجْتَهِدٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُجْتَهِدُونَ.‎ יחיד: זה חרוץ. רבים: אלה חרוצים.‎
Singular: This is a wife. Plural: These are wives	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ زَوْجَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ زَوْجَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זאת בת זוג. רבים: אלה בנות זוג.‎
Singular: That is a father. Plural: Those are fathers	الْمُفْرَدُ: ذَلِكَ أَبٌ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَـٰئِكَ آبَاءٌ.‎ יחיד: זה אב. רבים: אלה אבות.‎
Singular: That is a mother. Plural: Those are mothers	الْمُفْرَدُ: تِلْكَ أُمٌّ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَـٰئِكَ أُمَّهَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זאת אם. רבים: אלה אמהות.‎
Singular: Who is that man? Plural: Who are those men?	الْمُفْرَدُ: مَنْ ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ؟ الْجَمْعُ: مَنْ أُولَـٰئِكَ الرِّجَالُ؟‎ יחיד: מי גבר הזה?. רבים: מי הגברים האלו?.‎
Singular: Where is that girl? Plural: Where are those girls?	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَيْنَ تِلْكَ الْبِنْتُ؟ الْجَمْعُ: أَيْنَ أُولَـٰئِكَ الْبَنَاتُ؟‎ יחיד: איפה הבת הזאת? רבים: איפה הבנות האלו?‎
Singular: That is a pilgrim. Plural: Those are pilgrims	الْمُفْرَدُ: ذَلِكَ حَاجٌّ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَـٰئِكَ حُجَّاجٌ.‎ יחיד: זה חג'. רבים: אלה חג'ים.‎
Singular: That is a nurse. Plural: Those are nurses	الْمُفْرَدُ: تِلْكَ مُمَرِّضَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَـٰئِكَ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: זה אחות. רבים: אלה אחיות.‎
That is my sister	تِلْكَ أُخْتِي‎ זאת אחותי.‎
That is my brother	ذَلِكَ أَخِي‎ זה אחי.‎
That is a new lady doctor	تِلْكَ طَبِيبَةٌ جَدِيدَةٌ‎ זה רופאה חדשה.‎
Those are merchants	أُولَئِكَ تُجَّارٌ‎ אלה סוחרים.‎
Those are female teachers	أُولَئِكَ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ‎ אלה מורות.‎
That is a student	ذَلِكَ طَالِبٌ‎ זה תלמיד.‎
Those are the mothers of the students	أُولَئِكَ أُمَّهَاتُ الطَّالِبَاتِ‎ אלה אמהות התלמידים.‎
Those are the fathers of the students	أُولَئِكَ آبَاءُ الطُّلابِ‎ אלה אבהות התלמידים‎
Singular: That man is a teacher. Plural: Those men are teachers.	الْمُفْرَدُ: ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ مُدَرِّسٌ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَئِكَ الرِّجَالُ مُدَرِّسُونَ‎
Singular: Who is that girl?. Plural: Who are those girls?	الْمُفْرَدُ: مَنْ ذَلِكَ الْفَتَى؟. الْجَمْعُ: مَنْ أُولَئِكَ الْفِتْيَةُ؟‎
Singular: This student is from England and that one is from France. Plural: These students are from England and those are from France.	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا الطَّالِبُ مِنْ إِنْكِلْتِرَا وَذَلِكَ مِنْ فَرَنْسَا. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ الطُّلابُ مِنْ إِنْكِلْتِرَا وَأُولَئِكَ مِنْ فَرَنْسَا‎
Singular: That young lady is the dauther of the doctor. Plural: Those young ladies are the dauthers of the doctor..	الْمُفْرَدُ: تِلْكَ الْفَتَاةُ بِنْتُ الطَّبِيبِ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَئِكَ الْفَتَيَاتُ بَنَاتُ الطَّبِيبِ‎
Singular: This woman is a nurse and that one is a doctor. Plural: These women are nurses and those are doctors.	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةُ مُمَرِّضَةٌ وَتِلْكَ طَبيبةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ النِّسَاءُ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ وَأُولَئِكَ طَبِيبَاتٌ‎
Singular: Is that engineer a Muslim?. Plural: Are those engineers Muslims?	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَذَلِكَ الْمُهَنْدِسُ مُسْلِمٌ؟. الْجَمْعُ: أَأُولَئِكَ الْمُهَنْدِسُونَ مُسْلِمُونَ؟‎
Singular: That little girl is Hamid's sister. Plural: Those little girls are Hamid's sisters.	الْمُفْرَدُ: تِلْكَ الْفَتَاةُ الصَّغِيرَةُ أُخْتُ حَامِدٍ. الْجَمْعُ: أُولَئِكَ الْفَتَيَاتُ الصَّغِيرَاتُ أَخَوَاتُ حَامِدٍ‎
Singular: Who is that tall boy? Plural: Who are those tall boys?	الْمُفْرَدُ: مَنْ هَذَا الْوَلَدُ الطَّوِيلُ؟. الْجَمْعُ: مَنْ هَؤُلاءِ الأَوْلادُ الطِّوَالُ؟‎

Dual

To change the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (masc. and fem.) to the Dual form, the following steps are involved:

1. To change a demonstrative pronoun for the near object representing a masculine noun to مُثَنًّى‎ i.e., Dual form, نِ‎ i.e., a /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added, e.g.: هَذَا‎ will become هَذَانِ‎.
2. To change a demonstrative pronoun for the near object representing a feminine noun هَذِهِ‎ to مُثَنًّى‎ i.e., Dual form, the last letter هِ‎ ha is changed to the letter ت‎ and a single /Kasrah/ is replaced with a single /fatħah/ and the suffix /Alif-Nūn/ انِ‎ i.e., a long vowel /Alif/ and /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added i.e., هَذِهِ‎ will become هَاتَانِ‎.

Simple sentence examples:

English	Arabic
This is a pen. These are two pens.	هَذَا قَلَمٌ. هَذَانِ قَلَمَانِ.‎
This is a girl. These are two girls.	هَذِهِ بِنْتٌ. هَاتَانِ بِنْتَانِ.‎
This boy is with your father. These two boys are with your father.	هَذَا الْوَلَدُ عِنْدَ أَبِيكَ. هَذَانِ الْوَلَدَانِ عِنْدَ أَبِيكَ.‎
This door is closed. These two doors are closed.	هَذَا الْبَابُ مُغْلَقٌ. هَذَانِ الْبَابَانِ مُغْلَقَانِ.‎
This is a book. These are two books.	هَذَا كِتَابٌ. هَذَانِ كِتَابَانِ.‎
This is a ruler. These are two rulers.	هَذِهِ مِسْطَرَةٌ. هَاتَانِ مِسْطَرَتَانِ.‎
This is a car. These are two cars.	هَذِهِ سَيَّارَةٌ. هَاتَانِ سَيَّارَتَانِ.‎
This is a pen. These are two pens.	هَذَا قَلَمٌ. هَذَانِ قَلَمَانِ.‎
This student is from China. These two students are from China.	هَذِهِ الطَّالِبَةُ مِنَ الصِّينِ. هَاتَانِ الطَّالِبَتَانِ مِنَ الصِّينِ.‎
This student is from India. These two students are from India.	هَذَا الطَّالِبُ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ. هَذَانِ الطَّالِبَانِ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ.‎
This girl is sick. These two girls are sick.	هَذِهِ الْبِنْتُ مَرِيضَةٌ. هَاتَانِ الْبِنْتَانِ مَرِيضَتَانِ.‎
This man is a doctor. These two men are doctors.	هَذَا الرَّجُلُ طَبِيبٌ. هَذَانِ الرَّجُلانِ طَبِيبَانِ.‎
This is the manager's hour. These two hours are for the manager.	هَذِهِ السَّاعَةُ لِلْمُدِيرِ. هَاتَانِ السَّاعَتَانِ لِلْمُدِيرِ.‎
This room is for the teacher. These two rooms are for the teacher.	هَذِهِ الْغُرْفَةُ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ. هَاتَانِ الْغُرْفَتَانِ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ.‎
Whose spoon is this? Who are these two spoons for?	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْمِلْعَقَةُ؟. لِمَنْ هَاتَانِ الْمِلْعَقَتَانِ؟.‎
Whose key is this? Who do these two keys belong to?	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْمِفْتَاحُ؟. لِمَنْ هَذَانِ الْمِفْتَاحَانِ؟.‎

Definiteness

Arabic's definite article الْ‎ (or ה‎ in Hebrew) corresponds to the word 'The' in the English Language (known as the definite article in grammar as it refers to a specific object).

Take particular note of the change in the vowel ending when a word is changed to its definite form, i.e. the /tanwīn/ (double vowel) which represents indefinite form e.g. (a house) has been changed to a single /đammah/. It is hence also important to remember that a word can never take /alif lām/ at the beginning and /tanwīn/ at the same time (i.e. it can never be both indefinite and definite at the same time). 

Arabic	مَسْجِدٌ: الْمَسْجِدُ‎	كِتَابٌ: الْكِتَابُ‎	قَلَمٌ: الْقَلَمُ‎	بَيْتٌ: الْبَيْتُ‎
Hebrew	מסגד: המסגד‎	ספר: הספר‎	עט: העט‎	בית: הבית‎
English	The mosque: A mosque	The book: A book	The pen: A pen	The house: A house

Examples with the definite article al الْ‎

English	Arabic
The pen is broken.	الْقَلَمُ مَكْسُورٌ.‎ העט שבור.‎
The door is open.	الْبَابُ مَفْتُوحٌ.‎ הדלת פתוח.‎
The boy is sitting and the teacher is standing.	الْوَلَدُ جَالِسٌ وَالْمُدَرِّسُ وَاقِفٌ.‎ הילד יושב והמורה עומד.‎
The book is new and the pen is old.	الْكِتَابُ جَدِيدٌ وَالْقَلَمُ قَدِيمٌ.‎ הספר חדש והעט ישן (קדום).‎
The donkey is small and the horse is big.	اَلْحِمَارُ صَغِيرٌ وَالْحِصَانُ كَبِيرٌ.‎ החמור קטן והסוס גדול.‎
The chair is broken.	الْكُرْسِيُّ مَكْسُورٌ.‎ הכיסה שבור.‎
The handkerchief is dirty.	الْمِنْدِيلُ وَسِخٌ.‎ המפית מלוכלכת.‎
The water is cold.	الْمَاءُ بَارِدٌ.‎ המים קרים.‎
The moon is beautiful.	الْقَمَرُ جَمِيلٌ.‎ הירח יפה.‎
The house is near and the mosque is far away.	الْبَيْتُ قَرِيبٌ وَالْمَسْجِدُ بَعِيدٌ.‎ הבית קרוב והמסגד רחוק.‎
The stone is heavy and the paper is light.	الْحَجَرُ ثَقِيلٌ وَالْوَرَقُ خَفِيفٌ.‎ האבן כבד והנייר קל.‎
The milk is hot.	اللَّبَنُ حَارٌّ.‎ החלב חם.‎
The shirt is clean.	الْقَمِيصُ نَظِيفٌ.‎ החולצה נקי.‎

Prepositions

In Arabic, a preposition (حَرْفُ الْجَرِّ‎) can be a prefix or a word. Prepositions in Arabic always precede a word and never follow the word. Prepositions only come before nouns and do not come before a verb. The noun following a preposition is changed from nominative case to genitive case. This means that the last letter of the word will be changed from a /đammah/ or /đammatain/ to a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/.

In the following table, we can see that the preposition has caused the last letter of تُ‎ to change to تِ‎, or the two /đammahs/ تٌ‎ to two /kasrahs/ تٍ‎.

Definiteness	Phrase (preposition before word)	Word without preposition	Preposition
Defined	فِي الْبَيْتِ‎ בבית‎ In the house	الْبَيْتُ‎ הבית‎ The house	فِي‎ ב-‎ In
Indefined	فِي بَيْتٍ‎ בבית‎ In a house	بَيْتٌ‎ בית‎ A house	فِي‎ ב-‎ In

The noun following a preposition is called /Maĵrūr/ مَجْرُورٌ‎ which means the preposition has caused a change in its case (from nominative to genitive case) as mentioned in the previous rule.

Another example. When the preposition لِـ‎ meaning "for" precedes a noun مُحَمَّدٌ‎ then it becomes لِمُحَمَّدٍ‎.

It is important to note that certain words do not change their case with different causes and maintain their vowel endings. These words are called Indeclinable words. When a preposition precedes an indeclinable word like مَنْ‎ meaning "who", it will become لِمَنْ‎ "for whom" and not لِمَنِ‎.

Common prepositions

Type	Arabic	Hebrew	English
True prepositions	بـ‎ bi-	ב-‎	with, in, at
	تـ‎ ta-	-‎	only used in the expression تٱللهِ tallāhi 'I swear to God'
	لَـ‎ la-	-‎	certainly (also used before verbs)
	لِـ‎ li-	ל-‎	to, for
	كـ‎ ka-	כ-‎	like, as
	إلَى‎ ’ilá	אל‎	to, towards
	حَتَّى‎ ḥattá	עד ש-‎	until, up to
	عَلَى‎ ‘alá	על‎	on, over; against
	عَن‎ ‘an	על‎	from, about
	فِي‎ fī	ב-, בתוך‎	in, at
	مَعَ‎ ma‘a	עם‎	with, along with
	مِن‎ min	מ-, מן‎	from; than
	مُنْذُ‎ mundhu	מאז‎	since
	مُذْ‎ mudh	מאז‎	since
Semi-prepositions	أَمامَ‎ ’amāma	מול, בפני‎	in front of
	بَيْنَ‎ bayna	בין‎	between, among
	تَحْتَ‎ taḥta	מתחת ל-‎	under, below
	حَوْلَ‎ ḥawla	סביב, מסביב ל-‎	around
	خارِجَ‎ khārija	בחוץ‎	outside
	خِلالَ‎ khilāla	בזמן ש-‎	during
	داخِلَ‎ dākhila	בתוך‎	inside
	دُونَ‎ dūna	בלי, ללא, מבלי ש- בלעדי‎	without
	ضِدَّ‎ ḍidda	מול‎	against
	عِنْدَ‎ ‘inda	ליד‎	on the part of; at; at the house of; in the possession of
	فَوْقَ‎ fawqa	מעל‎	above
	مَعَ‎ ma‘a	עם‎	with
	مِثْلَ‎ mithla	כמו‎	like
	وَراءَ‎ warā’a	מאחור‎	behind

Simple Examples

Translation	Arabic Example
In a kitchen	فِي مَطْبَخٍ‎ בתוך מטבח.‎
To a mosque	إِلَىٰ مَسْجِدٍ‎ אל מסגד‎
From a house	مِنْ بَيْتٍ‎ מבית‎
On a book	عَلَىٰ كِتَابٍ‎ על ספר‎
The moon is in the sky.	الْهِلالُ فِي السَّمَاءِ.‎ הירח בשמיים.‎
To the door.	إِلَىٰ الْبَابِ.‎ אל הדלת.‎
From the teacher.	مِنَ الْمُدَرِّسِ.‎ מהמורה.‎
The key is on the book.	المِفْتَاحُ عَلَىٰ الْكِتَابِ.‎ המפתח על הספר.‎
A horse in the farm.	حِصَانٌ فِي الْحَقْلِ.‎ סוס בחווה.‎
The man is from India.	اَلرَّجُلُ مِنْ الْهِنْدِ.‎ האיש מהודו.‎
The lion is on a rock.	الأَسَدُ عَلَىٰ صَخْرٍ.‎ האריה על האבן.‎
The boy is in the garden.	اَلْوَلَدُ فِي البُسْتَانِ.‎ הילד בגינה.‎
This is for Muhammad and that is for Hamid.	هَـٰذَا لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَذَلِكَ لِحَامِدٍ.‎ זה למוחמד וזה לחמיד.‎
Whose bag is this? This bag belongs to Yasir.	لِمَنْ هَـٰذِهِ الْحَقِيبَةُ؟ هَـٰذِهِ الْحَقِيبَةُ لِيَاسِرٍ.‎ למי התיק הזה? התיק הזה ליסיר.‎
My house is far from the mosque.	بَيْتِي بَعِيدٌ عَنْ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ בתי רחוק מהמסגד.‎
Ahmad is sitting with Khalid.	أَحْمَدُ جَالِسٌ مَعَ خَالِدٍ.‎ אחמד יושב עם חאליד.‎
With me is a friend.	مَعِي صَدِيقٌ.‎ איתי חבר.‎
Khalid is talking about himself.	خَالِدٌ يَتَحَدَّثُ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ.‎ חאליד מדבר על עצמו.‎
My friend in Egypt - his name is Ahmed.	صَدِيقِي بِمِصْرَ اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ.‎ חברי ממצריים - שמו אחמד.‎
What is on the desk	الْمُدَرِّسُ أَمَامَ طُلابٍ‎ המהנדס מול התלמידים.‎
The teacher is in front of students	مَاذَا عَلَىٰ الْمَكْتَبِ؟‎ מה-זה על המדף?‎
This black board is behind the teacher	بَيْتِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ הלוח השחור הזה מאחורי המורה.‎
My house is in front of the mosque.	بَيْتِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ בתי מול המסגד.‎
My house is beautiful, in it there is a small garden.	بَيْتِي جَمِيلٌ, فِيهِ حَدِيقَةٌ صَغِيرَةٌ.‎ בתי יפה, בה יש גן קטן.‎
This is my room, in it is a big window and a beautiful fan.	هَـٰذِهِ غُرْفَتِي, فِيهَا نَافِذَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ وَمِرْوَحَةٌ جَمِيلَةٌ.‎ זה חדרי, בה יש חלון גדול ומאוורר יפה.‎
My watch and my pen and my book are on the desk	سَاعَتِي وَقَلَمِي وَكِتَابِي عَلَى الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ שעוני ועטי וספרי על השולחן.‎
and my bag is under the desk.	وَحَقِيبَتِي تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ ותיקי מתחת לשולחן.‎
My brother's room is in front of my room and my sister's room is in front of the kitchen.	غُرْفَةُ أَخِي أَمَامَ غُرْفَتِي وَغُرْفَةُ أُخْتِي أَمَامَ الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ חדר אחי מול חדרי וחדר אחותי מול המבטח.‎

For (لِـ‎)

The preposition Li- (لِـ‎) means "for". When a noun follows a preposition, it changes the noun from the nominative case to the genitive case. e.g., when لِـ‎ precedes a noun مُحَمَّدٌ‎ then it becomes لِمُحَمَّدٍ‎.

For example:

Validity	English	Arabic
Valid ✅	A book of the teacher	كِتَابٌ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎
Valid ✅	A book of a teacher	كِتَابٌ لِمُدَرِّسٍ‎

When this لِـ‎ precedes a definite noun like الْكِتَابُ‎ the alif at the beginning of the word is dropped and the word becomes لِلْكِتَابِ‎. On the other hand when this لِـ‎ precedes a noun like اللهُ‎ the Alif in the beginning of the word is dropped and no lam is added and the word simply becomes للهِ‎ meaning belongs to Allah (God).

The prefix preposition لِـ‎ can mean:

1. for, for the benefit of, intended for.
2. belonging to, have.
3. to

Examples with the Li- (لِـ‎) prefix in the usage of "belonging to":

English	Arabic & Hebrew
Whose house is this? that house belongs to the doctor.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ؟ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِلطَّبِيبِ‎ למי הבית הזה?‎
Whose fruit is this? this fruit belongs to Fatimah.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ لِفَاطِمَةَ‎ למי הפרי הזה? הפרי הזה שייך לפאטמה.‎
Whose pen is this? this pen belongs to Abbas.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ؟ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ لِعَبَّاسٍ‎ למי העט הזה? העט הזה שייך לעבאס.‎
Whose cow is this? this cow belongs to the farmer.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ لِلْفَلاحِ‎ איפה המפתח?‎
Whose chair is this? this chair belongs to the teacher.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ؟ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ למי הכסא הזה? הכסא הזה שייך למורה.‎
Whose hen is this? this is the hen of the farmer's daughter.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ لِبِنْتِ الْفَلاحِ‎ למי התרנגולת הזאת? התרנגולת הזאת שייכת לבת הפלאח.‎
I have an elder brother, he is in the university	لِي أَخٌ كَبِيرٌ، هُوَ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ יש לי אח גדול, הוא באוניברסיטה.‎
I have elder brothers, they are in the university	لِي إِخْوَةٌ كِبَارٌ، هُمْ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ יש לי אחים גדולים, הם באוניברסיטה.‎
I have one brother and his name is Usama, I have one sister and her name is Sana.	لِي أَخٌ وَاحِدٌ اسْمُهُ أُسَامَةُ، وَلِي أُخْتٌ وَاحِدَةٌ اسْمُهَا سَنَاءُ.‎ יש לי אח אחד ושמו וסאמה, יש לי אחות אחת ושמה סאנה.‎

With (مَعَ‎)

The word مَعَ‎ besides the meaning of "with" also has the meaning of "have". When used with the meaning "have", should only be used with the things that are separable, e.g. مَعَنَا كِتَابٌ‎ means “we have a book”. It should not be used with relations and parts of the body. So if we want to say 'He has a nose', we should say لَهُ أَنْفٌ‎ instead of مَعَهُ أَنْفٌ‎ or لَهَا أُخْتٌ‎ meaning she has a sister, instead of مَعَهَا أُخْتٌ‎. The preposition مَعَ‎ takes a fatħah on its ending when used with all the pronouns except ي‎ meaning "with me". When used with ي‎, it takes a kasrah instead of the fatħah so it will become مَعِي‎ so we say مَعِي كِتَابٌ‎ and not مَعَي كِتابٌ‎.

Examples with (مَعَ‎) preposition:

English	Arabic & Hebrew
Do you have a bag? No, I have an egg.	أَمَعَكَ حَقِيبَةٌ؟ لا، مَعِي بَيْضَةٌ‎ יש לך תיק? לא, יש לי ביצה.‎
Do you have a pen? No, I have a book	أَمَعَكَ قَلَمٌ؟ لا، مَعِي كِتَابٌ.‎ יש לך עט? לא, יש לי ספר.‎
Does she have a chair? No, she has a bed.	أَمَعَهَا كُرْسِيٌّ؟ لا، مَعَهَا سَرِيرٌ‎ יש לה כסא? לא, יש לה מיטה.‎
Does he have a cat? No, he has a dog.	أَمَعَهُ قِطٌّ؟ لا، مَعَهُ كَلْبٌ‎ יש לו חתול? לא יש לו כלב.‎
What do you have? We have books	مَاذَا عِنْدَكُنَّ؟ عِنْدَنَا كُتُبٌ‎ מה יש לכם? יש לנו ספרים.‎
Do you have a paper? No, I have a handkerchief.	أَمَعَكَ وَرَقَةٌ؟ لا، مَعِي مِنْدِيلٌ‎ יש לך נייר? לא, יש לי ממחטה.‎

Interrogative

English	Arabic	Hebrew
Where	أَيْنَ‎	איפה, היכן, אי‎
To where	إلى أين‎	לאן, לאיפה, להיכן‎
From where	من اين‎	מאין, מאיפה, מהיכן‎
Is (yes-or-no question)	أَ-‎ هَلْ‎	ה-‎ האם‎
Who	مَنْ‎	מי‎
Whom	مَنْ‎	את מי‎
Which	أيّ‎	איזה‎
How	كَيْفَ‎	איך, כיצד‎
How much	كَمْ‎	כמה‎
What	مَا‎ مَاذَا‎	מה‎ מה-זה‎
Why	لِمَاذَا‎	למה‎
Whose	لمن‎	למי, של מי‎

Exmaples

English	Arabic & Hebrew
Whose house is this? that house belongs to the doctor.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ؟ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِلطَّبِيبِ‎ למי הבית הזה?‎
Whose fruit is this? this fruit belongs to Fatimah.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ لِفَاطِمَةَ‎ למי הפרי הזה? הפרי הזה שייך לפאטמה.‎
Whose pen is this? this pen belongs to Abbas.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ؟ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ لِعَبَّاسٍ‎ למי העט הזה? העט הזה שייך לעבאס.‎
Whose cow is this? this cow belongs to the farmer.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ لِلْفَلاحِ‎ איפה המפתח?‎
Where is the key?	أَيْنَ الْمِفْتَاحُ؟‎ איפה המפתח?‎
Whose chair is this? this chair belongs to the teacher.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ؟ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ למי הכסא הזה? הכסא הזה שייך למורה.‎
Whose hen is this? this is the hen of the farmer's daughter.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ لِبِنْتِ الْفَلاحِ‎ למי התרנגולת הזאת? התרנגולת הזאת שייכת לבת הפלאח.‎
What is on the book?	مَاذَا عَلَىٰ الْكِتَابِ؟‎ מה זה על הספר?‎
Is a key on the book?	أَمِفتاحٌ على الْكِتابِ؟‎ המפתח על הספר?‎
Who is in the kitchen?	مَنْ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ؟‎ מי במטבח.‎
What is on the rock?	مَاذَا عَلَىٰ الْحَجَرِ؟‎ מה זה על האבן?‎
What is on the rock?	أيْنَ الْكِتَابُ؟‎ איפה הספר?‎
What is on the rock?	أَيَاسِرٌ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ؟‎ יסיר במטבח?‎
What is on the rock?	مَاذَا عَلَى الصَّخْرِ؟‎ מה זה על הסלע?‎
Where is Muhammad? Muhammad is in the room.	أَيْنَ مُحَمَّدٌ؟ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي الْغُرْفَةِ.‎ איפה מוחמד? מוחמד בחדר.‎
And where is Yasir? Yasir is in the wash room.	َأَيْنَ يَاسِرٌ؟ يَاسِرٌ فِي الحَمَّامِ.‎ ואיפה יסיר? יסיר בשירותים.‎
Where is Aminah? Aminah is in the kitchen.	وَأَيْنَ آمِنةُ؟ آمِنَةُ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ איפה אמינה? אמינה במטבח.‎
Where is the book? The book is on the desk.	أَيْنَ مُحَمَّدٌ؟ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي الْغُرْفَةِ.‎ איפה הספר? הספר על השולחן.‎
And where is the watch? The watch is on the bed.	َأَيْنَ السَّاعَةُ؟ السَّاعَةُ عَلَىٰ السَّرِيرِ.‎ איפה השעון? השעון על המיטה.‎
Is Muhammad in the wash room? No, but in the room.	أَمُحَمَّدٌ فِي الْحَمَّامِ؟ لا، بَلْ فِي الْغُرْفَةِ.‎ האם מוחמד בשירותים? לא, אלה בחדר.‎
Who is in the Kitchen? Aminah is in the kitchen.	مَنْ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ؟ آمِنَةُ فِي الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ מי במטבח? אמינה במטבח.‎
What is on the bed? The watch is on the bed.	مَاذَا عَلَىٰ السَّرِيرِ؟ السَّاعَةُ عَلَىٰ السَّرِيرِ.‎ מה זה על המיטה? השעון על השולחן.‎
Where are you from? I am from China.	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا مِنَ الصِّيْن‎ מאין אתה? אני מסין.‎
Where did you go O Ayesha?	أَيْنَ ذَهَبْتِ يَا عَائِشَةُ؟‎ לאן הלכת יא עאישה?‎
Why did you go out of the mosque?	لِمَاذَا خَرَجْتَ مِن الْمَسْجِدِ؟‎ למה יצאת מן המסגד?‎
Who are you? I am a student	مَنْ أَنْتِ؟ أَنَا طَالِبَةٌ.‎
Where are you from (fem. plural)? We are from China	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتُنَّ؟ نَحْنُ مِنَ الصِّينِ.‎
Where is your bag? My bag is in my room	أَيْنَ حَقِيبَتُكِ؟ حَقِيبَتِي فِي غُرْفَتِي.‎
What is your religion? Our religion is Islam	مَا دِينُكُنَّ؟ دِينُنَا الإِسْلامُ.‎
Who came back from university? Fatima returned from university	مَنْ رَجَعَتْ مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ؟ فَاطِمَةُ رَجَعَتْ مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ‎
Where did the boy come back from? The boy came back from medical school	مِنْ أَيْنَ رَجَعَ الْوَلَدُ؟ رَجَعَ الْوَلَدُ مِنْ كُلِّيَّةِ الطِّبِّ‎
With whom did you return, Nahid? I returned with my father	مَعَ مَنْ رَجَعْتِ يَا نَاهِدُ؟ رَجَعْتُ مَعَ أَبِي‎
Did you come back from the playground, students? Yes, we returned from the stadium	أَرَجَعْتُمْ مِنَ الْمَلْعَبِ يَا طُلابُ؟ نَعَمْ رَجَعْنَا مِنَ الْمَلْعَبِ‎
When did they come back from the restaurant? They returned from the restaurant an hour ago.	مَتَى رَجَعُوا مِنَ الْمَطْعَمِ؟ رَجَعُوا مِنَ الْمَطْعَمِ قَبْلَ السَّاعَةِ‎
When did you visit your friend? I visited my friend a week ago	مَتَى زُرْتِ صَدِيقَتَكِ؟ زُرْتُ صَدِيقَتِي قَبْلَ أُسْبُوعٍ‎
When does Khalida go to university? Khalida goes to university the next day.	مَتَى تَذْهَبُ خَالِدَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ؟ تَذْهَبُ خَالِدَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ بَعْدَ يَوْمٍ ‎
When do you return from home? I will return from my home after a week	مَتَى تَرْجِعُ مِنْ بَيْتِكَ؟ أَرْجِعُ مِنْ بَيْتِي بَعْدَ أُسْبُوعٍ‎

A basic conversation with questions.

English	Arabic & Hebrew
Sua'ad: Peace be upon you and Allah's mercy and His blessings The girl: Peace be upon you and Allah's mercy and His blessings	سُعَادُ: الْسَّلاَمُ عَلَيكِ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ.‎ الْبِنْتُ: وَعَلَيْكِ السَّلاَمُ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ.‎
How are you, Oh girl? I am fine and all thanks to Allah	سُعَادُ: كَيْفَ حَالُكِ يَا بِنْتُ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: أَنَا بِخَيْرٍ وَالْحَمْدُ للهِ.‎ סעיד: מה שלומך, או ילדה?‎ הבת: אני טוב תודה לאל.‎
Where are you from? I am from Riyadh	سُعَادُ: مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتِ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: أَنَا مِنَ الرِّيَاضِ.‎ מאיפה את?‎ אני מריאד.‎
What is your name? My name is Aminah	سُعَادُ: مَا اسْمُكِ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: اِسْمِي آمِنَةُ.‎ מה שמך?‎ שמי אמינה.‎
Where is your father? My father is here in Madinah Munawara	سُعَادُ: أَيْنَ أَبُوكِ؟‎ الْبِنْت: أَبِي هُنَا فِي الْمَدِيْنَةِ الْمُنَوَّرَةِ.‎ איפה אביך?‎ אבי פה במדינת המונורה.‎
What does he do? He is a supervisor in the high school	سُعَادُ: مَاذَا يَفْعَلُ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: هُوَ مُوَجِّهٌ فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الثَّانَوِيَّةِ.‎ מה הוא עושה?‎ הוא מפקח בבית ספר תיכון.‎
And where is your mother? She is also here. She is a doctor	سُعَادُ: وَأَيْنَ أُمُّكِ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: هِيَ أَيْضًا هُنَا هِيَ طَبِيبَةٌ.‎ ואיפה אמיך?‎ היא גם פה, היא רופאה.‎
And who is this young girl with you? Is she your sister? No. She is the daughter of my paternal uncle	سُعَادُ: وَمَنْ هَـٰذِهِ الْفَتَاةُ الَّتِي مَعَكِ؟ أَهِيَ أُخْتُكِ؟‎ البِنْتُ: لا، هِيَ بِنْتُ عَمِّيِ.‎ ומי הילדה הקטנה הזאת איתך? היא אחותך?‎ לא, היא בת דוד שלי.‎
What is her name? Her name is Fatima	سُعَادُ: مَا اسْمُهَا؟‎ البِنْتُ: اسْمُهَا فَاطِمَةُ.‎ מה שמה?‎ שמה פטימה.‎
Is she your colleague? No. I am in the middle school and she is in the high school.	سُعَادُ: أَهِيَ زَمِيلَتُكِ؟‎ الْبِنْتُ: لا، أَنَا فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةِ وَهِيَ فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الثَّانَوِيَّةِ.‎ היא שותפה שלך לעבודה?‎ לא, אני בבית ספר חטיבה והיא בתיכון.‎
Do you have a sister? No, I do not have a sister	سُعَادُ: أَلَكِ أُخْتٌ؟‎ لا، مَا لِي أُخْتٌ.‎ יש לך אחות?‎ לא, אין לי אחות.‎
Do you have a brother? Yes. I have an elder brother and he is a student at the university	أَلَكِ أَخٌ؟‎ نَعَمْ، لِي أَخٌ كَبِيرٌ وَهُوَ طَالِبٌ بِالْجَامِعَةِ.‎ יש לך אח?‎ כן, יש לי אח גדול והוא תלמיד באוניברסיטה.‎
And who is this child with you? He is my brother's son (nephew)	وَمَنْ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ الَّذِي مَعَكِ؟‎ هُوَ ابْنُ أَخِي.‎ ומי זה הילד שאיתך?‎ הוא בן אחי.‎
What is his name? His name is Sa'ad	مَا اسْمُهُ؟‎ اسْمُهُ سَعْدٌ.‎ מה שמו?‎ שמו סעיד.‎
Is your mother at home now? No. She went to the hospital	أَأُمُّكِ فِي الْبَيْتِ الآنَ؟‎ لا، ذَهَبَتْ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى.‎ אימך בבית עכשיו?‎ לא, היא הלכה לבית חולים.‎

Which (أَيُّ‎)

In this lesson we will learn a new word أَيُّ‎ and the rules for its use. أَيُّ‎ is an interrogative article - i.e. it is used to ask questions.  In we have already learnt the use of some of the interrogative articles. However unlike the other interrogative articles, أَيُّ‎ meaning "Which…?" is used as a /Muđâf/ (possessed), so any word that follows أَيُّ‎ will be treated as /Muđâf Ilaihi/ and will therefore take the genitive case with a /kasratain/. E.g.:

English	Arabic
Which house is this?	أَيُّ بَيْتٍ هَذَا؟‎

However, the word أَيُّ‎ will take different cases in different situations, i.e.:

• أَيُّ‎ will take a nominative case with a /đammah/, if it appears as مُبْتَدَأٌ‎ - i.e. in a nominal sentence, for example:

English	Arabic
Which school is this?	أَيُّ مَدْرَسَةٍ هَذِهِ؟‎

• أَيُّ‎ will take a genitive case with a /Kasrah/, if it is preceded by a preposition, e.g.:

English	Arabic
In which room did you enter?	فِي أَيِّ غُرْفَةٍ دَخَلْتَ؟‎

• أَيُّ‎ will take an accusative case with a fatħah/, if it appears as مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ ( the object of a verbal sentence) e.g.:

English	Arabic
Which school is this?	أَيُّ مَدْرَسَةٍ هَذِهِ؟‎

Examples

English	Arabic
Which day is this? It is Saturday	أَيُّ يَوْمٍ هَذَا؟ هَذَا يَوْمُ السَّبْتِ.‎
Which month is this? This is the month of Rajab	أَيُّ شَهْرٍ هَذَا؟ هَذَا شَهْرُ رَجَبٍ.‎
Which faculty is this? This is the faculty of Commerce	َيُّ كُلِّيَّةٍ هَذِهِ؟ هَذِهِ كُلِّيَّةُ التِّجَارَةِ.‎
In which school are you? I am in the primary school	فِي أَيِّ مَدْرَسَةٍ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةِ.‎
From which country are you? I am from Jordan	مِنْ أَيِّ بَلَدٍ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا مِنَ الأُرْدُن.‎
Which book do you (all) like? We like the book of Arabic language	أَيَّ كِتَابٍ تُحِبُّونَ ؟ نُحِبُّ كِتَابَ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ.‎
Which book is this? This is the Quran.	أَيُّ كِتَابٍ هَذَا؟ هَذَا قُرْآنٌ‎
Which faculty are you from? I am from the Faculty of Medicine	مِنْ أَيِّ كُلِّيَّةٍ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا مِنْ كُلِّيَّةِ الطِّبِّ‎
Which faculty do you study in? I study in the Faculty of Engineering	تَدْرُسُ في أَيِّ كُلِّيَّةٍ؟ أدْرُسُ فِي كُلِّيَّةِ الْهَنْدَسَةِ‎
Which street is your school on? Our school is on Airport Street	فِي أَيِّ شَارِعٍ مَدْرَسَتكُمْ؟ مَدْرَسَتُنَا فِي شَارِعِ الْمَطَارِ‎
Which faculty is this? This is the faculty of Commerce	أَيُّ كُلِّيَّةٍ هَذِهِ؟ هَذِهِ كُلِّيَّةُ التِّجَارَةِ‎
Whcih friend did you visted? I visted Ahmad	زُرْتَ أَيَّ صَدِيْقٍ؟ زُرْتُ أحْمَدَ‎
In which school is Khaled? Khaled in middle school	فِي أَيِّ مَدْرَسَةٍ خَالِدٌ؟ خَالِدٌ فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةِ‎
What faculty is he in? He is in the College of Sharia	فِي أَيِّ كُلِّيَّةٍ هُوَ؟ هُوَ فِي كُلِّيَّةِ الشَّرِيعَةِ‎

How many (كَمْ‎)

The noun following the interrogative article كَمْ‎ is mostly a singular indefinite noun e.g.:

• كَمْ كِتَابًا عِنْدَكَ؟‎ i.e., How many books do you have?
• كَمْ كُرَّاسَةً مَعَكَ؟‎ i.e., How many notebooks are with you?

The noun following the interrogative article كَمْ‎ always takes an accusative case. It must however be remembered that a masculine indefinite noun takes an /Alif/ along with /tanwīn/ in the accusative case but the feminine indefinite noun ending in the ة‎ /tā’ marbūŧah/ does not take the /Alif/ - e.g.:

• كَمْ قَمِيصًا هَذِهِ‎ i.e., How many shirts (masculine noun) are these?
• كَمْ سَاعَةً فِي حَقِيبَتِكَ؟‎ i.e., How many watches (feminine noun) are in your bag?

Nominal sentence examples:

English	Arabic
How many brothers do you have Oh' Muhammad? I have one brother	كَمْ أَخًا لَكَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ؟ لِي أَخٌ وَاحِدٌ.‎
And how many sisters do you have? I have two sisters	وَكَمْ أُخْتًا لَكَ؟ لِي أُخْتَانِ.‎
How many wheels does a bicycle have Oh' Hamid? It has two wheels	كَمْ عَجَلَةً لِلدَّرَّاجَةِ يَا حَامِدُ؟ لَهَا عَجَلَتَانِ.‎
How many Eid festivals are there in a year Oh' Baquir? There are two Eid festivals in a year: they are Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha	كَمْ عِيدًا فِي السَّنَةِ يَا بَاقِرُ؟ فِي السَّنَةِ عِيدَانِ: هُمَا عِيدُ الْفِطْرِ، وَعِيدُ الأَضْحَى.‎
How many books do you have? I have two books	كَمْ كِتَابًا عِنْدَكَ؟ عِنْدِي كِتَابَانِ‎
How many pens do you have? I have two pens	كَمْ قَلَمًا عِنْدَكَ؟ عِنْدِي قَلَمَانِ‎
How many blackboards do you have in your classroom? There are two blackboards in our classroom	كَمْ سَبُّورَةً فِي فَصْلِكُمْ؟ فِي فَصْلِنَا سَبُّورَتَانِ‎
How many riyals do you have? We have two riyals	كَمْ رِيَالا عِنْدَكُمْ؟ عِنْدَنَا رِيَالانِ‎
How old are you, Amina? I have Amman	كَمْ عَمًّا لَكِ يَا آمِنَةُ؟ لِي عَمَّانِ‎
How many mosques are in your village? In my village there are two mosques	كَمْ مَسْجِدًا فِي قَرِيَتِكَ؟ فِي قَرْيَتِي مَسْجِدَانِ‎
How many hotels are on this street? There are two hotels on this street	كَمْ فُنْدُقًا فِي هَذَا الشَّارِعِ؟ فِي هَذَا الشَّارِعِ فُنْدُقَانِ‎
How many windows are in this room? There are two windows in this room	كَمْ نَافِذَةً فِي هَذِهِ الْغُرْفَةِ؟ فِي هَذِهِ الْغُرْفَةِ نَافِذَتَانِ‎
How many notebooks are they? They are two notebooks	كَمْ دَفْتَرًا هِيَ؟ هُمَا دَفْتَرَانِ‎

Nouns

Gender

Arabic has two genders (جِنْسٌ‎ ǧins): masculine (مُذَكَّرٌ‎ muḏakkar) and feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌ‎ muʼannaṯ).

Most feminine nouns end in ـَة‎ -at-, but some do not (e.g. أُمّ‎ ʼumm "mother", أَرْض‎ ʼarḍ "earth"). Most words ending in ـَا‎ are also feminine (and are indeclinable).

The letter ة‎ used for feminine nouns is a special form known as تَاء مَرْبُوطَة‎ (tāʼ marbūṭah) "tied T", which looks like the letter hāʼ (h) with the two dots that form part of the letter tāʼ (t) written above it. This form indicates that the feminine ending -at- is pronounced -ah- in pausa (at the end of an utterance). Words with the ending ـَة‎ never take alif ending for the indefinite accusative. Thus, اِبْنًا‎ ibnan ("son", acc sg indef) has final alif, but اِبْنَةً‎ ibnatan ("daughter", acc sg indef) does not.

English		Symbol of feminine word	Arabic
Feminine	Masculine		Feminine	Masculine
Female student	Male student	ةُ‎ (تُاءٌ مَرْبُوطَةٌ)‎	طَالِبَـةٌ‎	طَالِبٌ‎
Left (for feminine words)	Left	ىٰ‎ (أَلِفٌ مَقْصُورَةٌ)‎	يُسْرَىٰ‎	أَيْسَرُ‎
Noble woman	Noble man	اء‎ (أَلِفٌ مَمْدُودَةٌ)‎	حَسْنَاءُ‎	حَسَنٌ‎

Examples

Translation	Arabic
I am a doctor.	أَنَا طَبِيبٌ.‎ אני רופה.‎
I am a female student.	أَنَا طَالِبَةٌ.‎ אני תלמידה.‎
You are a male teacher.	أَنْتَ مُدَرِّسٌ.‎ אתה מורה.‎
You are a lady doctor.	أَنْتِ طَبِيْبَةٌ.‎ את רופה.‎
He is an engineer.	هُوَ مُهَنْدِسٌ.‎ הוא מהנדס.‎
She is a female nurse.	هِيَ مُمَرِّضَةٌ.‎ היא אחות.‎

In Arabic Language, words can be either masculine or feminine. This does not necessarily follow a set logic, e.g., while we know that the noun "girl" is feminine, the noun for "beard" is also feminine. A few examples of nouns and adjectives that do not have any of the symbols for the feminine nouns but are still considered to be feminine are illustrated below:

Examples

Translation	Arabic
The Earth	الأَرْضُ‎ ארץ‎
The hand	الْيَدُ‎ יד‎
A pot	قِدْرٌ‎ סיר‎

Masculine nouns that are similar to feminine nouns

Certain masculine nouns are similar to feminine nouns, for example, the following proper nouns (names ) have ةُ‎ (تُاءٌ مَرْبُوطَةٌ‎).

Proper nouns with ة‎ (tā’ marbūŧah).

Translation	Arabic
Hamza	حَمْزَةُ‎ חמזה‎
Talha	طَلْحَةُ‎ טלחה‎
Usama	أُسَامَةُ‎ אוסאמה.‎

Arabic feminine nouns have no tanwīn on their last letter e.g.: آمِنَةُ، فَاطِمَةُ، عَائِشَةُ‎ etc. Similarly, certain Arabic masculine proper nouns have ة‎ (tā’ marbūŧah) as their last letter - therefore they also do not have tanwīn on their last letter, e.g.: حَمْزَةُ، مُعَاوِيَةُ، حَنْظَلَةُ‎ etc.

Proper nouns with ة‎ (tā’ marbūŧah).

Translation	Arabic
Fatima's husband is Mu'awiya.	زَوْجُ فاطِمَةَ مُعَاوِيَةُ.‎
Khalid went out with Talha.	خَرَجَ خَالِدٌ مَعَ طَلْحَةَ.‎
Your (feminine) car is with Usama.	سَيَّارَتُكِ مَعَ أُسَامَةَ.‎
I went to Hamza.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَىٰ حَمْزَةَ.‎

Diptotes (اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ‎)

Examples:

English	Reason for not having Tanwīn	Arabic
Fatima (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	فَاطِمَةُ‎
Hasnaa (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	حَسْنَاءُ‎
Hamda (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	حَمْدَى‎
Hamza (name)	Masculine Proper nouns ending in "Tā’ Marbūŧah" do not have Tanwīn	حَمْزَةُ‎
Anwar (name)	Masculine Proper nouns on pattern of أَفْعَلُ‎ do not have Tanwīn	أَنْوَرُ‎
Black	Adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ‎ do not have Tanwīn	أَسْوَدُ‎
Thirsty	Adjectives on the pattern of فَعْلاَنُ‎ do not have Tanwīn	عَطْشَانُ‎
Pakistan	Non-Arabic Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	بَاكِسْتَانُ‎

Some of the patterns of Broken Plurals do not have Tanwīn e.g.:

Examples:

English	Pattern of Broken Plural:	Arabic
Doctors	أَفْعِلاءُ‎	أَطِبَّاءُ‎
Agents	فُعَلاءُ‎	وُكَلاءُ‎
Mosques	مَفَاعِلُ‎	مَسَاجِدُ‎
Keys	مَفَاعِيلُ‎	مَفَاتِيحُ‎

In Arabic language most of the nouns and adjectives have Tanwīn. However there are certain cases when the Tanwīn is omitted, these include:

• When the noun or adjective is annexed to the definite article اَلْ‎: We have already learned that when a noun is annexed to the definite article اَلْ‎ then it does not take the double vowel. e.g.:

The word كِتَابٌ‎ will become اَلْكِتَابُ‎.

The phrase فِي مَسْجِدٍ‎ if annexed to اَلْ will be فِي الْمَسْجِدِ‎.

• When the noun is Muđâf (Possession). e.g.:

The word كِتَابٌ‎ if annexed to بِلالٌ‎ it will become كِتَابُ بِلالٍ‎.

• When a noun is preceded by the Vocative Article يَا‎: When a noun is preceded by the vocative article, the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with a single đammah. e.g.:

The word أُسْتَاذٌ‎ - when preceded by the vocative article يَا‎ the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with single đammah, so it will become يَا أُسْتَاذُ‎.

Examples:

English	Reason for un-nunation (removal of Tanwīn)	Arabic
The big book	'Book' is annexed with the definite article	اَلْكِتَابُ الْكَبِيرُ‎
The book of Arabic Language	Possessive Expression	كِتَابُ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ‎
The husband is in the field	Annexed to the definite article	فِي الْمَزْرَعَةِ زَوْجٌ.‎
Oh Waheed where did you go?	Preceded by Vocative Article	يَا وَحِيدُ أَيْنَ ذَهَبْتَ؟‎
He is the Dean of the University	Possessive Expression	هُوَ عَمِيدُ الْجَامِعَةِ.‎
Oh girls, where is the food?	Preceded by Vocative Article	يَا بَنَاتُ، أَيْنَ الطََّعَامُ؟‎

There are different groups but in this lesson, we will learn only the following groups of such words:

1. Feminine Nouns: All the feminine proper nouns (i.e. names), suffixed by the feminine sign or otherwise never have Tanwīn. e.g.:

• عَائِشَةُ‎.
• زَهْرَاءُ‎.
• سَلْمَى‎.
• زَيْنَبُ‎.

2. Masculine Nouns: The masculine proper nouns (i.e. names) with Tā’ Marbūŧah as the ending letter do not take Tanwīn. e.g.:

• أُمَيَّةُ‎.
• حَمْزَةُ‎.
• زَكَرِيَّا‎.

3. Masculine Proper nouns on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ‎: All the masculine proper nouns (names) which resemble the pattern of أَفْعَلُ‎ never have Tanwīn. e.g.:

• أَنْوَرُ‎.
• أَسْمَرُ‎.
• أَكْبَرُ‎.
• أَمْجَدُ‎.

4. Masculine Proper Nouns on any Pattern of the verb as: يَفْعَلُ - يَفْعِلُ‎ etc.: All the masculine proper nouns which resemble these patterns of verb never have Tanwīn. e.g.:

• يَزِيدُ‎.

Examples:

Reason of Un-nunation Reason of Un-nunation	English	Arabic
Feminine Proper Noun	Nadia went out of the house	خَرَجَتْ نَادِيَةُ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ.‎
	This is Asma, she is my sister	هَذِهِ أسْمَاءُ، هِيَ أُخْتِي.‎
	Maryam ate the food	أَكَلَتْ مَرْيَمُ الطَّعَامَ.‎
Masculine Proper Noun on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ‎	The professor's name is Ajmal	اِسْمُ الأُسْتَاذِ أَجْمَلُ.‎

Some of the other types of the un-nunated nouns are:

1. Adjectives on the Pattern of فَعْلانُ: The adjectives on the pattern of فَعْلانُ do not take the double vowel sign i.e., they are diptotes. e.g.:

• عَطْشَانُ‎ (Thirsty)
• زَعْلانُ‎ (Angry)
• مَلآنُ‎ (Full)

2. The adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ: All the adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ are un-nunated and hence they never take Tanwīn. e.g.:

• أَحْمَرُ‎ (Red)
• أَسْوَدُ‎ (Black)
• أَبْيَضُ‎ (White)

3. Non-Arabic Proper nouns: Most of the non-Arabic proper nouns are unnunated and therefore they do not take Tanwīn. e.g.:

• The Biblical Names: Most of the Biblical names do not take Tanwīn e.g., names of most of the Prophets: i.e.:يَعْقُوبُ، إِسْحَاقُ، عِيْسَى، دَاوُدُ‎ etc. because they are not derived from an Arabic origin.
• Other Foreign Arabicised Names: All the foreign names which have been Arabicised do not have Tanwīn on them e.g.: يَنَايِرُ، بَاكِسْتَانُ، مُوسْكُو، لَنْدَنُ، طِهْرَانُ‎ etc.

4. Exception to this Rule: However the non-Arabic names comprising of three radicals only are Nunated such as: نُوحٌ، لُوطٌ‎.

Examples:

Reason of Unnunation	English	Arabic
Adjectives on the Pattern فَعْلانُ‎	I went out of the class room and I am angry	خَرَجْتُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ وَأَنَا غَضْبَانُ.‎
Adjectives on the Pattern أَفْعَلُ‎	This color is green	هَذَا اللَّوْنُ أَخْضَرُ.‎
Foreign Arabicised Nouns	Pakistan is a Muslim country	بَاكِسْتَانُ بَلَدٌ مُسْلِمٌ.‎
Biblical Noun	Ishaq is an intelligent student	إِسْحَاقُ طَالِبٌ ذَكِيٌّ.‎
Foreign Arabicised Words	January is the first month of the year	يَنَايِرُ أَوَّلُ شَهْرِ فِي السَّنَةِ.‎

Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals which never take Tanwīn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:

• فُعَلاءُ‎ i.e., زُمَلاءُ‎ (Colleagues)
• أَفْعِلاءُ‎ i.e., أَغْنِيَاءُ‎ (Rich)
• مَفَاعِلُ‎ i.e., مَسَاجِدُ‎ (Mosques)
• مَفَاعِيلُ‎ i.e., مَصَابِيحُ‎ (Lamps)

Examples:

Reason of Unnunation	English	Arabic
Broken Plural on the Pattern فُعَلاءُ‎	Where are your colleagues?	أَيْنَ زُمَلاؤُكَ؟‎
	In the street there are poor people	فِي الشَّوَارِعِ فُقَرَاءُ.‎
	Many partners went together	شُرَكَاءُ كَثِيرُونَ ذَهَبُوا مَعًا.‎
Broken Plural on the Pattern أَفْعِلاءُ‎	They are friends	هُمْ أَصْدِقَاءُ.‎
	These merchants are rich	هَؤُلاءُ التُّجَارُ أَغْنِيَاءُ.‎
Broken Plural on the Pattern مَفَاعِلُ‎	There are a lot of schools in this village.	فِي هَذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِ مَدَارِسُ كَثِيرَةٌ.‎
	These are beautiful mosques.	هَذِهِ مَسَاجِدُ جَمِيلَةٌ.‎
	These are wooden desks.	هَذِهِ مَكَاتِبُ خَشَبِيَّةٌ.‎
Broken Plural on the Pattern مَفَاعِيلُ‎	Golden keys are for the house	مَفَاتِيحُ ذَهَبِيَّةٌ لِلْبَيْتِ.‎
	These handkerchiefs are dirty	هَذِهِ مَنَادِيلُ وَسِخَةٌ.‎

Some Examples:

English	Arabic
I have a lot of tissues	عِنْدِي مَنَادِيلُ كَثِيرَةٌ‎
They are ministers	هُمْ وُزَرَاءُ‎
There are many schools in our country	فِي بَلَدِنَا مَدَارِسُ كَثِيرَةٌ‎
There are few hotels in my city	فِي مَدِينَتِي فَنَادِقُ قَلِيلَةٌ‎
They are great students	هُمْ تَلامِيذُ كِبَارٌ‎
These are new doctors	هَؤُلاءِ أَطِبَّاءُ جُدُدٌ‎
These merchants are rich	هَؤُلاءِ التُّجَّارُ أَغْنِيَاءُ‎
These are oil lamps	هَذِهِ مَصَابِيحُ زَيْتِيَّة‎

The noun takes the genitive case i.e., single /Kasrah/ if it is definite – e.g. مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ‎ and double /Kasrah/ if it is indefinite e.g. فِي مَسْجِدٍ‎, when it is in the possessive expression (annexation) or when it is preceded by a preposition.

However diptotes اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ‎ take /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ if in genitive case. Diptotes are those nouns or adjectives that never take /tanwīn/ i.e., Double Vowel Marks. So whenever a diptote noun is preceded by a preposition or is /Muđâf Ilaihi/ it will take a /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ - for example - Ahmad's book i.e., كِتَابُ أَحْمَدَ‎.

Examples:

English	Arabic
Where are you from? I am from Pakistan	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا مِنْ بَاكِسْتَانَ.‎
What is your name? My name is Anwar	مَا اسْمُكَ؟ اِسْمِي أَنْوَرُ.‎
With whom did you return? I returned with Athar, he is my friend	مَعَ مَنْ رَجَعْتَ؟ رَجَعْتُ مَعَ أَطْهَرَ، وهُوَ صَدِيقَي.‎
What did you eat in the meal? I ate a fish	مَاذَا أَكَلْتَ فِي الْغَدَاءِ؟ أَكَلْتُ سَمَكَةً.‎
Talha neither drinks in golden nor silver cups.	طَلْحَةُ لا يَشْرَبُ فِي فَنَاجِينَ ذَهَبِيَّةٍ وَلا فِي فَنَاجِينَ فِضِّيَّةٍ.‎

Here is one situation when a noun takes the accusative case and that is:

• When the noun is object of a verbal sentence مَفْعُولٌ‎ i.e., أَكَلَ خَالِدٌ تُفَّاحًا‎.

However, since the diptote does not take /tanwīn/, if it is used as the object of a verbal sentence it will take a single /fatħah/ instead of double vowels e.g., زَارَ طَاهِرٌ مَسَاجِدَ كَثِيرَةً‎.

Examples:

English	Arabic
Yusuf entered buildings	دَخَلَ يُوسُفُ مَنَازِلَ.‎
The guests went out of hotels	خَرَجَ الضُّيُوفُ مِنْ فَنَادِقَ.‎
I bought wooden desks	اِشْتَرَيْتُ مَكَاتِبَ خَشَبِيَّةً.‎
Nasir took the keys of the house	أَخَذَ نَاصِرٌ مَفَاتِيحَ الْبَيْتِ.‎
The boy bought a black pen	اِشْتَرَى الْوَلَدُ قَلَمًا أَسْوَدَ.‎

Full Paragraph Examples:

English	Arabic
I went to many places. A month ago I went to Paris, and after that I went to London. I visited Baghdad three months ago, and Jeddah eight months ago. I visited the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina. I have many things. I have pens, tissues, keys, and cups. I have five pens, nine napkins, four keys, and three cups.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى أَمَاكِنَ كَثِيرَةٍ. قَبْلَ شَهْرٍ ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى بَارِيسَ، وَبَعْدَهُ ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى لَنْدَنَ. زُرْتُ بَغْدَادَ قَبْلَ ثَلاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ، وَجُدَّةَ قَبْلَ ثَمَانِيَةِ أَشْهُرٍ. زُرْتُ الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ فِي مَكَّةَ وَالْمَسْجِدَ النَّبَوِيَّ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ الْمُنَوَّرَةِ. عِنْدِي أَشْيَاءُ كَثِيرَةٌ. عِنْدِي أَقْلامٌ وَمَنَادِيلُ وَمَفَاتِيحُ وَفَنَاجِينُ. عِنْدِي خَمْسَةُ أَقْلامٍ، وَتِسْعَةُ مَنَادِيلَ، وَأَرْبَعَةُ مَفَاتِيحَ، وَثَلاثَةُ فَنَاجِينَ‎
Hamed is a doctor. His wife is a teacher. Her name is Amna. Hamed has four children. They are: Hamza, Talha, Ahmed, and Ibrahim. Ahmed and Hamza are two students. Ahmed is a diligent student, and Hamza is a lazy student.	حَامِدٌ طَبِيبٌ. زَوْجَتُهُ مُدَرِّسَةٌ. اسْمُهَا آمِنَةُ. حَامِدٌ لَهُ أَرْبَعَةُ أَبْنَاءٍ. هُمْ: حَمْزَةُ وَطَلْحَةُ وَأَحْمَدُ وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ. أَحْمَدُ وَحَمْزَةُ طَالِبَانِ. أَحْمَدُ طَالِبٌ مُجْتَهِدٌ وَحَمْزَةُ طَالِبٌ كَسْلانُ‎
Yusuf said: I have five pens: this is a red pen, this is a blue pen, this is a green pen, this is a black pen, and this is a white pen.	قَالَ يُوسُفُ: عِنْدِي خَمْسَةُ أَقْلامٍ: هَذَا قَلَمٌ أَحْمَرُ، وَهَذَا قَلَمٌ أَزْرَقُ، وَهَذَا قَلَمٌ أَخْضَرُ، وَهَذَا قَلَمٌ أَسْوَدُ، وَهَذَا قَلَمٌ أَبْيَضُ‎
Talha said: I have many keys. This is the room key, this is the bag key, and this is the car key.	قَالَ طَلْحَةُ: عِنْدِي مَفَاتِيحُ كَثِيرَةٌ. هَذَا مِفْتاحُ الْغُرْفَةِ، وَهَذَا مِفْتَاحُ الْحَقِيبَةِ، وَهَذَا مِفْتَاحُ السَّيَّارَةِ‎
Sufyan said: In our country there are many mosques and schools, and few hotels.	قَالَ سُفْيَانُ: فِي بَلَدِنَا مَسَاجِدُ وَمَدَارِسُ كَثِيرَةٌ، وَفَنَادِقُ قَلِيلَةٌ‎

Number (Plurality)

Arabic distinguishes between nouns based on number (عَدَدٌ‎ ʻadad). All nouns are singular (مُفْرَدٌ‎ mufrad) dual (مُثَنًّى‎ muṯannā), or plural (جَمْعٌ‎ ǧamʻ).

Nouns take either a sound plural or broken plural. The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. The broken plural, however, is a different stem. It may belong to a different declension (see below), and is declined as a singular noun. For example, the plural of the masculine triptote noun كِتَاب‎ kitāb "book" is كُتُب‎ kutub, which is declined as a normal singular triptote noun: indefinite nominative كُتُبٌ‎ kutubun; indefinite accusative كُتُباً‎ kutuban; indefinite genitive كُتُبٍ‎ kutubin; etc. On the other hand, the masculine triptote noun مَكْتَب‎ maktab "desk, office" has the plural مَكَاتِب‎ makātib, which declines as a singular diptote noun: indefinite nominative مَكَاتِبُ‎ makātibu; indefinite accusative/genitive مَكَاتِبَ‎ makātiba; etc.

Generally, the only nouns that have the "masculine" sound plural ـُونَ, ـِينَ‎ -ūn, -īn are nouns referring to male human beings (e.g. مُهَنْدِس‎ muhandis "engineer"). On the other hand, the feminine sound plural -āt occurs not only on nouns referring to female human beings, but also on many nouns referring to objects, whether masculine or feminine (e.g. masculine اِمْتِحَان‎ imtiḥān "exam", feminine سَيَّارَة‎ sayyārah "car"). Note that all inanimate objects take feminine singular or feminine plural agreement in the plural, regardless of their "inherent" gender and regardless of the form of the plural.

Sound Plural جَمْعٌ سَالِمٌ:

Gender	English	Arabic	Plurality
الْمُذَكَّرُ‎	A teacher (masc.)	مُدَرِّسٌ‎ מלמד‎	الْمُفْرَدُ‎
	Teachers (masc.)	مُدَرِّسُونَ‎ מלמדים‎	الْجَمْعُ‎
الْمُؤَنَّثُ‎	A lady teacher (fem.)	مُدَرِّسَةٌ‎ מלמדת‎	الْمُفْرَدُ‎
	Lady teachers (fem.)	مُدَرِّسَاتٌ‎ מלמדות‎	الْجَمْعُ‎

Broken Plural جَمْعُ تَكْسِيرٍ:

Gender	English	Arabic	Plurality
الْمُذَكَّرُ‎	A book	كِتَابٌ‎ ספר‎	الْمُفْرَدُ‎
	Books	كُتُبٌ‎ ספרים‎	الْجَمْعُ‎
الْمُؤَنَّثُ‎	A garden	حَدِيقَةٌ‎ גן‎	الْمُفْرَدُ‎
	Gardens	حَدَائِقُ‎ גנים‎	الْجَمْعُ‎

In English, adjectives have no plural form. So when an adjective is used to describe a singular noun, the same word is used to describe the plural noun e.g., if we say "Good boy" for a singular noun then in the same manner we say "Good boys" for the plural nouns. In Arabic however even the adjectives have plural form, e.g., when we express the quality of a teacher by saying مُدَرِّسٌ جَيِّدٌ‎ (A good teacher), it will become مُدَرِّسُونَ جَيِّدُونَ‎ i.e., Good teachers for the plural nouns. So the noun as well as the adjective becomes plural and both change form.

English and Arabic both have two kinds of plural:

• Sound Plurals
• Broken Plurals

The Sound Plural is the plural form of a word in which the word keeps its original form and is simply extended:

• E.g., For English Nouns

Chair  ======> Chairs

School ======> Schools

Girl ======> Girls

• For Arabic Nouns and Adjectives:

Arabic	English
صَائِمٌ - صَائِمُونَ‎ צם - צמים‎	People fasting - A person fasting
مُدَرِّسَةٌ - مُدَرِّسَاتٌ‎ מלמדת - מלמדות‎	Female teachers - A female teacher
مُجْتَهِدٌ - مُجْتَهِدُونَ‎ חרוץ - חרוצים‎	Hard workers - A hard worker
صَغِيرَةٌ - صَغِيرَاتٌ‎ קטנה - קטנות‎	Small things (feminine) - A small thing (feminine)

Singular masculine to plural

To convert an Arabic singular masculine noun or adjective to plural the following steps should be taken: The /tanwīn/ on the last letter of the indefinite word is replaced with the single vowel of the equivalent - i.e. single /đammah/ (when in the nominative case), single /fatħah/ (when in accusative case) and single /kasrah/ (when in the genitive case), ونَ‎ is added at the end of the word if it is in nominative case with a /đammah/ and ينَ‎ is added if the word is in accusative with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/. However, if the word is definite, then simply ونَ‎ is added at the end of the word if it is in the nominative case, and ينَ‎ is added if the word is in the accusative or genitive case. Please see below - please take note of the color coding to emphasize the changed and additional letters to make the words into sound plurals:

Arabic	English
هَذَا صَائِمٌ - هَؤُلاءِ صَائِمُونَ‎ זה צם - אלה צמים.‎	These are fasting - This is fasting
رَأَيْتُ مُدَرِّسًا - رَأَيْتُ مُدَرِّسِينَ‎ ראיתי מורה - ראיתי מורים.‎	I saw teachers - I saw a teacher
أَنَا مَعَ مُسْلِمٍ - أَنَا مَعَ مُسْلِمِينَ‎ אני עם מוסלימי - אני עם מוסלימים.‎	I am with Muslims - I am with a Muslim
الْمُهَنْدِسُ - الْمُهَنْدِسُونَ‎ המהנדסת - המהנדסים‎	The engineers - The engineer
مُحَمَّدٌ مَعَ الْفَلاحِ - مُحَمَّدٌ مَعَ الْفَلاحِينَ‎ מוחמד עם הפלח - מוחמד עם הפלחים.‎	Muhammad is with the farmers - Muhammad is with the farmer
زُرْتُ الْمُهَنْدِسَ - زُرْتُ الْمُهَنْدِسِينَ‎ ביקרתי את המהנדס - ביקרתי את המהנדסים.‎	I visited the engineers - I visited the engineer

Simple Examples

Arabic	English
هَذَا مُسْلِمٌ.‎ זהו מוסלמי.‎	This is a Muslim
هَؤُلاءِ مُسْلِمُونَ.‎ אלה מוסלמים.‎	These are Muslims
رَأَيْتُ مُفَتِّشًا.‎ ראיתי מפקח.‎	I saw an inspector
رَأَيْتُ مُفَتِّشِينَ.‎ ראיתי מפקחים.‎	I saw inspectors
هُوَ مَعَ مُوَجِّهٍ.‎ הוא עם המפקח‎	He is with a supervisor
هُوَ مَعَ مُوَجِّهِينَ.‎ הוא עם המפקחים.‎	He is with supervisors
الصَّائِمُ‎ צם‎	The person who fasts
الصَّائِمُونَ‎ צמים‎	The people who fast
رَأَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسَ.‎ ראיתי מורה.‎	I saw the teacher
رَأَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسِينَ.‎ ראיתי מורים.‎	I saw the teachers
أَنَا مَعَ الْمُعَلِّمِ.‎ אני עם המורה.‎	I am with the instructor
أَنَا مَعَ الْمُعَلِّمِينَ.‎ אני עם המורים.‎	I am with the instructors

Singular feminine to plural

To convert an Arabic singular feminine noun or adjective to plural the following steps should be taken: The last letter ة‎ of the feminine word is replaced with ات‎

Arabic	English
صَغِيرَةٌ - صَغِيرَاتٌ‎ קטנה - קטנות‎	Small things (feminine) - A small thing (feminine)
مَعَ مُدَرِّسَةٍ - مَعَ مُدَرِّسَاتٍ‎ עם מורה - עם מורות‎	With female teachers - With a female teacher
الْمُهَنْدِسَةُ - الْمُهَنْدِسَاتُ‎ המהנדסת - המהנדסות‎	The female engineers - The female engineer

Examples

Arabic	English
فِي الْبَيْتِ مُعَلِّمَةٌ.‎ יש מורה בבית.‎	A female instructor is in the house
فِي الْبَيْتِ مُعَلِّمَاتٌ.‎ יש מורות בבית.‎	Female instructors are in the house
هَذِهِ الطَّالِبَةُ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ.‎ התלמידה הזאת חרוצה.‎	This female student is hard working
هَؤُلاءِ الطَّالِبَاتُ مُجْتَهِدَاتٌ.‎ התלמדות האלו חרוצות.‎	These female students are hard working
ذَهَبْتُ مَعَ مُهَنْدِسَةٍ.‎ הלכתי עם המהנדסת.‎	I went with a female engineer
ذَهَبْتُ مَعَ مُهَنْدِسَاتٍ.‎ הלכתי עם המהנדסות.‎	I went with female engineers
زَارَتْ خَالِدَةُ عَالِمَةً.‎ חלידה ביקרה מלומדת.‎	Khalida visited a female scholar
زَارَتْ خَالِدَةُ عَالِمَاتٍ.‎ חלידה ביקרה מלומדות.‎	Khalida visited female scholars

Singular masculine and feminine to plural examples

Singular to Plural

Plural	Singular
هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسُونَ جَيِّدُونَ‎	هَذَا مُدَرِّسٌ جَيِّدٌ‎
هَؤُلاءِ طَالِبَاتٌ مُجْتَهِدَاتٌ‎	هَذِهِ طَالِبَةٌ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ‎
هَؤُلاءِ مُعَلِّمُونَ جَيِّدُونَ‎	هَذَا مُعَلِّمٌ جَيِّدٌ‎
هَؤُلاءِ زَوْجَاتٌ طَيِّبَاتٌ‎	هَذِهِ زَوْجَةٌ طَيِّبَةٌ‎
هَؤُلاءِ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ مُسْلِمَاتٌ‎	هَذِهِ مُمَرِّضَةٌ مُسْلِمَةٌ‎
هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسُونَ مُجْتَهِدُونَ‎	هَذَا مُدَرِّسٌ مُجْتَهِدٌ‎
كَتَبْتُ عَلَى كُرَّاسَاتٍ كَبِيرَاتٍ‎	كَتَبْتُ عَلَى كُرَّاسَةٍ كَبِيرَةٍ‎
هَؤُلاءِ عَالِمَاتٌ جَيِّدَاتٌ‎	هَذِهِ عَالِمَةٌ جَيِّدَةٌ‎
زُرْتُ طَبِيبَاتٍ جَدِيدَاتٍ‎	زُرْتُ طَبِيبَةً جَدِيدَةً‎
يُحِبُّ اللهُ الصَّائِمِينَ‎	يُحِبُّ اللهُ الصَّائِمَ‎

Broken Plurals

The Arabic Broken Plural is the plural form of a word in which the original form of the word is changed to a great extent - i.e. it is a change in the word rather than an extension of the word: E.g. For English Nouns

1. Man ======> Men
2. Woman ======> Women
3. Mouse ======> Mice
4. Ox ======> Oxen
5. Tooth ======> Teeth

Unlike in English, the broken plural is common in Arabic. There are more than twenty patterns of the broken plural. For example "A word falls into one of some 'patterns'. Once we know the pattern group that a word belongs to, we know how the word will change in plural form. This is done by mapping each letter of the word in the singular form to its plural form and may involve adding letters to the word in the process."

Examples

Plraul	Pattern	Singular
نُجُومٌ‎ (Stars)	فُ – عُ – و – لٌ‎ فُعُولٌ‎	نَجْمٌ‎ (A star)
كُتُبٌ‎ (Books)	فُ – عُ – لٌ‎ فُعُلٌ‎	كِتَابٌ‎ (A book)
جِبَالٌ‎ (Mountains)	فِ – عَ – ا – لٌ‎ فِعَالٌ‎	جَبَلٌ‎ (Mountain)
حُجَّاجٌ‎ (Pilgrims)	فُ – عَّ – ا – لٌ‎ فُعَّالٌ‎	حَاجٌّ‎ (A pilgrim)
أَقْلامٌ‎ (Pens)	أَ – فْ – عَ – ا – لٌ‎ أَفْعَالٌ‎	قَلَمٌ‎ (A pen)
زُمَلاءُ‎ (Colleagues)	فُ – عَ – لَ – ا – ءُ‎ فُعَلاءُ‎	زَمِيلٌ‎ (A colleague)
أَطِّبَاءُ‎ (Doctors)	أَ – فْ – عِ – لَ – ا – ءُ‎ أَفْعِلاءُ‎	طَبِيبٌ‎ (A Doctor)
إِخْوَةٌ‎ (Brothers)	فِ – عْ – لَ – ةٌ‎ فِعْلَةٌ‎	أَخٌ‎ (Brother)
مَسَاجِدُ‎ (Mosques)	مَفَاعِلُ‎	مَسْجِدٌ‎ (A mosque)

Simple Examples

Word	Plraul	Pattern	Singular
Short	قَصِيرٌ‎	فِعَالٌ‎	قِصَارٌ‎
Young boy	فَتًى‎	فِعْلَةٌ‎	فِتْيَةٌ‎
New	جَدِيدٌ‎	فُعُلٌ‎	جُدُدٌ‎
Name	اسْمٌ‎	أَفْعَالٌ‎	أَسْمَاءٌ‎
Student	طَالِبٌ‎	فُعَّالٌ‎	طُلابٌ‎
Tall	طَوِيلٌ‎	فِعَالٌ‎	طِوَالٌ‎
Guest	ضَيْفٌ‎	فُعُولٌ‎	ضُيُوفٌ‎
Son	ابْنٌ‎	أَفْعَالٌ‎	أَبْنَاءٌ‎
Merchant	تَاجِرٌ‎	فُعَّالٌ‎	تُجَّارٌ‎
Man	رَجُلٌ‎	فِعَالٌ‎	رِجَالٌ‎
Boy	وَلَدٌ‎	أَفْعَالٌ‎	أَوْلادٌ‎
Old man	شَيْخٌ‎	فُعُولٌ‎	شُيُوخٌ‎
Big/Elder	كَبِيرٌ‎	فِعَالٌ‎	كِبَارٌ‎
Uncle	عَمٌّ‎	أَفْعَالٌ‎	أَعْمَامٌ‎
Rich	غَنِيٌّ‎	أَفْعِلاءُ‎	أَغْنِيَاءُ‎
Poor	فَقِير‎	فُعَلاءُ‎	فُقَرَاءُ‎
Brother	أَخٌ‎	فِعْلَةٌ‎	إِخْوَةٌ‎
Farm	حَقْلٌ‎	فُعُولٌ‎	حُقُولٌ‎
Friend	صَدِيقٌ‎	أَفْعِلاءُ‎	أَصْدِقَاءُ‎
Husband	زَوْجٌ‎	أَفْعَالٌ‎	أَزْوَاجٌ‎
Notebook	دَفْتَرُ‎	مَفَاعِلُ‎	دَفَاتِرُ‎
Desk	مَكْتَبُ‎	مَفَاعِلُ‎	مَكَاتِبُ‎
Hotel	فُنْدُقٌ‎	مَفَاعِلُ‎	فَنَادِقُ‎

There are no specific rules or patterns for the formation of the Broken Plural of the Arabic feminine nouns or Arabic adjectives. The feminine nouns are mostly sound plurals. However, some of the Arabic Broken Plurals of the feminine nouns are given below but they have no specific patterns:

Examples

Word	Plraul	Singular
Girl	بَنَاتٌ‎	بِنْتٌ‎
Sister	أَخَوَاتٌ‎	أُخْتٌ‎
Young lady	فَتَيَاتٌ‎	فَتَاةٌ‎
Woman	النِّسَاءُ‎	امرَأَةٌ - الْمَرْأَةُ‎

Rational and Irrational nouns

In Arabic, nouns are divided into two categories that do not exist in the English Language. In Arabic nouns are either Rational or Irrational.

Examples

Type	Plraul	Singular
عَاقِلٌ‎ (Rational)	طُلابٌ‎	طَالِبٌ‎
غَيْرُ عَاقِلٍ‎ (Irrational)	كُتُبٌ‎	كِتَابٌ‎

Rational Nouns are those that refer to human beings. They are also called intelligent i.e., عَاقِلٌ‎. Besides human beings, angels, Jinn (in Islam), the devil, and such are included in this class. Some examples of rational nouns are (doctor, boy, man) - i.e. رَجُلٌ، وَلَدٌ، طَبِيبٌ‎. Irrational Nouns are those that refer to non-human beings. They are also called non-intelligent i.e., غَيْرُ عَاقِلٍ‎. Irrational nouns refer to non-living objects, animals, concepts, and non-human beings like trees and plants, etc. Some examples of irrational nouns are tree, notebook, and book - i.e. كِتَابٌ، دَفْتَرٌ، شَجَرَةٌ‎.

In the singular form, there is no difference between these two groups, however, there is a very important difference in the plural form of these two groups. The plurals of Rational Nouns are treated as Plural, whereas the plurals of irrational nouns are treated as feminine singular.

Below we can see how the pronouns that relate to the singular rational nouns are changed in plural form, e.g. /Hādhā/ هَذَا‎ (this) becomes هَؤُلاءِ‎ (these) in plural form.

• هَذَا وَلَدٌ‎ (this is a boy) if changed to plural will become هَؤُلاءِ أَوْلادٌ‎ (these are boys)
• هُوَ رَجُلٌ‎ (he is a man) will become هُمْ رِجَالٌ‎ (they are men)
• ذَلِكَ مُدَرِّسٌ‎ (that is a teacher) will become أُولَئِكَ مُدَرِّسُونَ‎ (those are teachers)
• هِيَ طَالِبَةٌ‎ (she is a student) will become هُنَّ طَالِبَاتٌ‎. (they are students)

We can compare this to the plural of Irrational Nouns. We can see below that despite the nouns being plural, the pronouns that relate to these nouns are singular feminine - this does not change the plural word itself, only how the plural is treated and includes adjectives - i.e. an adjective following an irrational noun will be feminine singular:

• هَذَا كَلْبٌ‎ (this is a dog) if changed to plural will become هَذِهِ كِلابٌ‎ (these are dogs).
• هُوَ حِمَارٌ صَغِيرٌ‎ (he is a small donkey) will become هِيَ حَمِيرٌ صَغِيرَةٌ‎ (they are small donkeys)

Examples

English	Arabic	Plurality
This is a new student, he is from Belgium	هَذَا طَالِبٌ جَدِيدٌ، هُوَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.‎	Singular
These are new students, they are from Belgium	هَؤُلاءِ طُلابٌ جُدُدٌ، هُمْ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.‎	Plural
This is a new book, it is from Belgium	هَذَا كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ، هُوَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.‎	Singular
These are new books, they are from Belgium	هَذِهِ كُتُبٌ جَدِيدَةٌ، هِيَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.‎	Plural
That house is beautiful	ذَلِكَ الْبَيْتُ جَمِيلٌ‎	Singular
Those houses are beautiful	تِلْكَ الْبُيُوتُ جَمِيلَةٌ‎	Plural
This pen is new	هَذَا الْقَلَمُ جَدِيدٌ‎	Singular
These pens are new	هَذِهِ الأَقْلامُ جَدِيدَةٌ‎	Plural
The star is beautiful	النَّجْمُ جَمِيلٌ‎	Singular
These stars are beautiful	هَذِهِ النُّجُومُ جَمِيلَةٌ‎	Plural
That book is old	ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابُ قَدِيمٌ‎	Singular
Those books are bold	تِلْكَ الْكُتُبُ قَدِيمَةٌ‎	Plural
That mountain is far away	ذَلِكُ الْجَبَلُ بَعِيدٌ‎	Singular
Those mountains are far away	تِلْكَ الْجِبَالُ بَعِيدَةٌ‎	Plural

The Dual (الْمُثَنَّى‎)

In Arabic, nouns fall into three categories namely

• Singular - which relates to a single noun
• Dual - which indicates two of something
• Plural - which indicates more than two of something

To change a singular Arabic noun to a Dual the following steps are involved:

1. Nominative Case:

To change a singular masculine noun to the case of dual the following changes occur:

The last letter of the word has its vowel replaced with a single /fatħah/ (i.e. replacing /the đammah/ or /dammatain/)

The suffix of انِ‎ is added to the word.

See some examples below:

طَالِبٌ‎ will become طَالِبَانِ‎

الطَّالِبُ‎ will become الطَّالِبَانِ‎

To change a singular feminine noun with nominative case to the Dual, the following changes occur:

The last letter ة‎ /tā’ marbūŧah/ is changed to the letter ت‎

The last letter (which is now) ت‎ has its vowel replaced with a single fatħah (i.e. replacing /the đammaħ/ or /dammatain/),

The suffix of انِ‎ is added to the word.

See some examples below:

طَالِبَةٌ‎ will become طَالِبَتَانِ‎

الطَّالِبَةُ‎ will become الطَّالِبَتَانِ‎

• Genitive and Accusative Case:

To change a singular masculine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual:

A single /fatħah/ is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a kasrah/

The suffix /Ya’-Nūn/ يْنِ‎ i.e., a Ya’ with /Sukūn/ and /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added.

See some examples below:

مَعَ مُدَرِّسٍ‎ will become مَعَ مُدَرِّسَيْنِ‎

عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ will become عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسَيْنِ‎

To change a singular feminine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual:

The last letter ة‎ /tā’ marbūŧah/ is changed to the letter ت‎

A single fatħah is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/

The suffix /Ya’-Nūn/ يْنِ‎ i.e., a /Ya’/ with /Sukūn/ and /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added.

See some examples below:

فِي حَقِيبَةٍ‎ will become فِي حَقِيبَتَيْنِ‎

فَوْقَ الشَّجَرَةِ‎ will become فَوْقَ الشَّجَرَتَيْنِ‎

Simpple sentence examples:

English	Arabic
A brother in the house. Two brothers in the house.	أَخٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ. أَخَوَانِ فِي الْبَيْتِ.‎
Two daughters with a teacher. Two daughters with two teachers.	بِنْتَانِ مَعَ مُدَرِّسَةٍ. بِنْتَانِ مَعَ مُدَرِّسَتَيْنِ.‎
A book in the bag. Two books in the two bags.	كِتَابٌ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ. كِتَابَانِ فِي الْحَقِيبَتَيْنِ.‎

Noun cases

Arabic has 3 noun cases which are called:

1. nominative (حَالَةُ الرَّفْعِ‎).
2. accusative (حَالَةُ النَّصْبِ‎).
3. genitive (حَالَةُ الْجَرِّ‎).

The 3 noun cases are designated by the vowel of the last letter of the word.

Noun case	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
Indefined	كِتَابٌ‎	كِتَابً‎	كِتَابٍ‎
Defined	الْكِتَابُ‎	الْكِتَابَ‎	الْكِتَابِ‎

The nominative case اَلْمَرْفُوعُ‎ is used for highlighting the subjects of a verbal sentence.

• Subjects of a verbal sentence.

The The accusative case اَلْمَنْصُوبُ‎ is used for:

• Objects of a verbal sentence.
• The subject of an equational (non-verbal) sentence, if it is initiated with 'inna, or one of its "sisters".
• The predicate of كَانَ‎ or يَكُونُ‎ "be" and its "sisters". Hence, اَلْفَتَاةُ جَمِيلَةٌ‎ "the girl is beautiful" but كَانَتِ ٱلْفَتَاةُ جَمِيلَةً‎ "the girl was beautiful".
• The object of a transitive verb.
• Most adverbs.

The genitive case اَلْمَجْرُورُ‎ is used for:

• Objects of prepositions.
• Objects of أي‎ "any".
• Owners or possessors.

Possession

Possession is an asymmetric relationship between two nouns, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed). Possession may be marked in many ways. English uses:

1. a possessive clitic, 's:

The teacher's car.

2. a preposition, of:

The car of the teacher.

3. an adjective, my, your, his, her, etc.

His car.

There's a principle which is called the principle of “Arabic Possessive Expression”. This expression is a type of Arabic term called /Iđâfa/.

Possessive Expression /Muđâf and Muđâf Ilaihi/

English	Arabic
The book of the student	كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ‎ הספר של התלמיד (ספר התלמיד)‎
On the desk of the teacher	عَلَىٰ مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ על השולח של המורה (על שולחן המורה)‎

The /Iđâfa/ literally means (adding or annexing). It means adding one noun to another to form a relationship of possession or belonging (one noun being owned or belonging to the other noun – e.g. teacher’s book). Consider the following examples showing the difference between the possession and the belonging in the /Iđâfa/:

Possession /Iđâfa/		Belonging /Iđâfa/
Arabic	English	Arabic	English
The teacher’s book	كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ הספר של המורה (ספר המורה)‎	The city of Roma	مَدِينَةُ رُومَا‎ עירת רום‎
Muhammad’s pen	قَلَمُ مُحَمَّدٍ‎ העט של מוחמד (עט מוחמד)‎	The top of the mountain	قِمَّةُ الْجَبَلِ‎ פסגת ההר‎

• This principle is applied when two nouns are joined together to make one structure.
• In the possessive expression, one noun is the "possessor" called /Muđâf  Ilaihi/ (مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ‎) while the other is the "possessed" called /Muđâf/ (مُضَافٌ‎) in Arabic. For example, if we say “the teacher's book”, "the teacher" is the possessor and "the book" is possessed.
• In English this type of expression is constructed with the preposition (of) or using the letter (s) with an apostrophe before it i.e., 's. The examples of such type of constructions are:
  • The book of Hamid
  • Hamid's book.
• In Arabic however, the possessed noun (e.g., book) comes before the possessor so it would literally read "Book teacher's".

Let us analyze an example below and we will explain how the rules are applied:

• كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ (the teacher's book.)

The word "book" كِتَابُ‎ is the possessed noun (مُضَافٌ‎), and the word "the teacher" الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ is the possessor (مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ‎).

In Arabic, defined nouns usually take the article الْ‎. For example:

For example:

Definiteness	English	Arabic .
Indefined	A book	كِتَابٌ‎ ספר‎
Defined	the book	الْكِتَابُ‎ הספר‎

Defined possessed nouns on the other hand do not have the article الْ‎, even though they are defined. Check the following examples:

The two examples with the genitive case:

Validity	English	Arabic
Valid ✅	The book of the teacher	كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ ספר המורה‎
Valid ✅	The book of a teacher	كِتَابُ مُدَرِّسٍ‎ ספר מורה‎
Invalid ❌	A book of the teacher	كِتَابٌ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎
Invalid ❌	A book of a teacher	كِتَابٌ مُدَرِّسٍ‎

The possessed noun مُضَافٌ‎ can be in any case (genetive, accusative, or normative.). The possessor noun مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ‎ can be either definite or indefinite. Unlike the possessed noun, the possessor is always in the genitive case (therefore the last letter originally takes a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/).

Rule:	Example
	English	Arabic
The Possessed noun /Muđâf / takes different cases while the /Muđâf  ilaihi/ takes the genitive case only.	The book of the student	كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ‎ הספר של התלמיד (ספר התלמיד)‎
	On the desk of the teacher	عَلَىٰ مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ על שולחן המורה‎
The Muđâf can be definite (when it is annexed to a definite Muđâf  ilaihi) and it can be indefinite (when it is annexed to an indefinite Muđâf  ilaihi). In all cases the /Muđâf/ is never prefixed with (al)	The house's door	بَابُ الْبَيْتِ‎ הדלת של הבית (דלת הבית)‎
	An Imam of a mosque	إِمَامُ مَسْجِدٍ‎ האימאם של המסגד (אימאם המסגד)‎

Examples with the genitive case.

Translation	Arabic
The engineer's pen	قلمُ المهندسِ‎ עט המהנדס.‎
A trader's shop	دكانُ تاجرٍ‎ דוכן סוחר.‎
The doctor's house	بيتُ الطبيبِ‎ בית הרופא.‎
Book of Allah	كتابُ اللهِ‎ ספר אלוהים.‎
Key of the car	مفتاحُ السيارةِ‎ מפתח המכונית.‎
The teacher's name is Saeed and the engineer's name is Khalid	اِسْمُ الْمُدَرِّسِ سَعِيْدٌ. وَٱسْمُ الْمُهَنْدِسِ خَالِدٌ.‎ שם המורה סעיד, ושם המהנדס חאלד.‎
Ammar's son is a student and Yasir's son is a trader	اِبْنُ عَمَّارٍ طَالِبٌ وَٱبْنُ يَاسِرٍ تَاجِرٌ.‎ בן עמאר תלמיד ובן יאסר סוחר.‎
Where is the son of the engineer? He is in the university	أَيْنَ ٱبْنُ الْمُهَنْدِسِ؟ هُوَ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ‎ איפה בן המהנדס? הוא באוניברסיטה.‎
Saeed: Where is Muhammad's book? Yasir: It is there on the desk	سَعِيدٌ: أيْنَ كِتَابُ مُحَمَّدٍ؟ يَاسِرٌ: هُوَ عَلَىٰ الْمَكْتَبِ هُنَاكَ.‎ סעיד: איפה ספר מוחמד? יסיר: זה על השולחן שמה.‎
Saeed: Where is Ammar's notebook? Yasir: It is on the teacher's desk	سَعِيدٌ: أَيْنَ دَفْتَرُ عَمَّارٍ؟ يَاسِرٌ: هُوَ عَلَىٰ مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ.‎ סעיד: איפה מחברת עמאר? יסיר: זה על שולחן המורה.‎
Saeed: Whose pen is this? Ali: This is the teacher's pen.	سَعِيدٌ: قَلَمُ مَنْ هَـٰذَا؟ عَلِيٌّ: هَذَا قَلَمُ الْمُدَرِّسِ.‎ סעיד: עט מי זה? עלי: זה עט המורה.‎
Saeed: Where is the teacher's bag? Ali: It is under the desk.	سَعِيدٌ: أَيْنَ حَقِيبَةُ الْمُدَرِّسِ؟ عَلِيٌّ: هِيَ تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ סעיד: איפה תיק המורה? עלי: הוא תחת המדף.‎
Where is the teacher's house? It is far away	ايْنَ بَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسِ؟ هُوَ بَعِيدٌ.‎ איפה בית המורה? הוא רחוק.‎
The Quran is the book of Allah	الْقُرْآنُ كِتَابُ اللهِ.‎ הקוראן ספר אללה.‎
The Ka'ba is Allah's (God’s) house	الْكَعْبَةُ بَيْتُ اللهِ.‎ הכעבה בית אללה.‎
The teacher went out of the principal's room	خَرَجَ الْمُدَرِّسُ مِنْ غُرْفَةِ الْمُدِيرِ.‎ המורה יצא מחדר המנהל.‎
Abbas's car is in the street	سَيَّارَةُ عَبَّاسٍ فِي الشَّارِعِ.‎ מכונית עבאס על הרחוב.‎
The door of the mosque is opened	بَابُ الْمَسْجِدِ مَفْتُوحٌ.‎ דלת המסגד פתוח.‎
Where is the dog? It is under the car	أَيْنَ الْكَلْبُ؟ هُوَ تَحْتَ السَّيَّارَةِ.‎ איפה הכלב? הוא מתחת למכונית.‎
This is the house of Hamid and that is the house of Khalid	هَـٰذَا بَيْتُ حَامِدٍ وذَلِكَ بَيْتُ خَالِدٍ.‎ זה בית חמיד וזה בית חליד.‎

The preposition Li- لِـ‎ means "for". When a noun follows a preposition, it changes the noun from the nominative case to the genitive case. e.g., when لِـ‎ precedes a noun مُحَمَّدٌ‎ then it becomes لِمُحَمَّدٍ‎.

For example:

Validity	English	Arabic
Valid ✅	A book of the teacher	كِتَابٌ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎
Valid ✅	A book of a teacher	كِتَابٌ لِمُدَرِّسٍ‎

Examples with the Li- لِـ‎ prefix:

English	Arabic & Hebrew
Whose house is this? that house belongs to the doctor.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ؟ هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِلطَّبِيبِ‎ למי הבית הזה?‎
Whose fruit is this? this fruit belongs to Fatimah.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْفَاكِهَةُ لِفَاطِمَةَ‎ למי הפרי הזה? הפרי הזה שייך לפאטמה.‎
Whose pen is this? this pen belongs to Abbas.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ؟ هَذَا الْقَلَمُ لِعَبَّاسٍ‎ למי העט הזה? העט הזה שייך לעבאס.‎
Whose cow is this? this cow belongs to the farmer.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الْبَقَرَةُ لِلْفَلاحِ‎ איפה המפתח?‎
Where is the key?	أَيْنَ الْمِفْتَاحُ؟‎ איפה המפתח?‎
Whose chair is this? this chair belongs to the teacher.	لِمَنْ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ؟ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيُّ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ למי הכסא הזה? הכסא הזה שייך למורה.‎
Whose hen is this? this is the hen of the farmer's daughter.	لِمَنْ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ؟ هَذِهِ الدَّجَاجَةُ لِبِنْتِ الْفَلاحِ‎ למי התרנגולת הזאת? התרנגולת הזאת שייכת לבת הפלאח.‎

The five nouns

In Arabic, there are 5 exceptional nouns called the five nouns الأَسْمَاءُ الْخَمْسَةُ‎:

1. أبُوْكَ‎ (your father)
2. أخُوْكَ‎ (your brother)
3. حَمُوْكَ‎ (your in-law)
4. فُوْكَ‎ (your mouth)
5. ذُوْ مالٍ‎ (an owner of wealth)

There is a sixth word, هَنُو‎ (“thing”), but it’s so rarely used that some don’t even consider it.

What makes them unique is the way they show their status. The normal way to show status is to use dhammah for nominative (حَالَةُ الرَّفْعِ‎), fathah for accusative (حَالَةُ النَّصْبِ‎), and kasrah for genitive (حَالَةُ الْجَرِّ‎). As for the Five Nouns, they show their status instead using و‎ (waw), ا‎ (alif), and ي‎ (yaa).

For example, when we want to say "Your book" in Arabic we say كِتَابُكَ‎ but when we want to say "your father", it would be written as أَبُوكَ‎ and not أَبُكَ‎. Similar is the case with the word "brother" when a pronoun is added to it, a letter 'wāw' is added as a second last letter and hence the word will become أَخُوكَ‎ instead of أَخُكَ‎.

Simple examples:

Case	English	Arabic
Nominative Case حَالَةُ الرَّفْعِ‎	Hamid's brother	أَخُو حَامِدٍ‎ אח חאלד.‎
	The father of Muhammad	أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ‎ אב מוחמד.‎
Genitive Case حَالَةُ الْجَرِّ‎	Book of my brother	أَخُوكِتَابُ أَخِي‎ ספר אחי.‎
	Her father's house	بَيْتُ أَبِيهَا‎ בית אביה.‎

Adjectives

In Arabic the adjective (a word describing the noun – e.g. red book, large house etc) is either called "Naξt" نَعْتٌ‎ or "Aŝ-ŝiffah" الصِّفَةُ‎, and the noun it qualifies is called "Manξūt مَنْعُوتٌ‎ or "Al-mawŝūf" الْمَوْصُوفُ‎ and the clause thus formed is called either النَّعْتُ والْمَنْعُوتُ‎ or الْمُرَكَّبُ الوَصْفِيُّ‎. We will also learn the rules for the formation of the Adjective Clause.

Adjective Clause	الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ‎
A small boy	وَلَدٌ صَغِيرٌ‎ ילד קטן‎
The new bag	الْحَقِيبَةُ الْجَدِيدَةُ‎ התיק החדש‎
the big box	الصندوق الكبير‎ הקופסא הגדולה‎

Following are the rules pertained for the formation of the adjective clause:

• In the English language, when we want to describe a noun we say for example, "Good boy" or "Lazy student" etc. - i.e., the adjective (description) comes before the noun. However in Arabic the word being used for the description (adjective) comes after the noun, e.g. وَلَدٌ جَيِّدٌ‎ or طَالِبٌ كَسْلانُ‎ if translated linguistically means "Boy good" or "student lazy" but literally it means "Good boy" or "Lazy student".

Translation	Arabic
A dirty handkerchief	مِنْدِيلٌ وَسِخٌ‎ מפית מלולכלת.‎
An intelligent male student	طَالِبُ ذَكِيٌّ‎ תלמיד חכם‎
An intelligent female student	طَالِبَةٌ ذَكِيَّةٌ‎ תלמידה חכמה‎

• The adjectives that express feelings normally end with (-an) and bear no Tanwīn on their ending letters e.g.:

Translation	Arabic
Thirsty	عَطْشَانُ‎ צמא‎
Hungry	جَوْعَانُ‎ רעב‎
Full	مَلآنُ‎ מלא‎
Angry	غَضْبَانُ‎ כועס, עצבני‎
Happy	فَرْحَانُ‎ שמח‎

• The adjective always follows the noun which it is describing in gender. The adjective of a masculine noun is masculine and that of a feminine noun is feminine .e.g.: we say وَلَدٌ صَغِيرٌ‎ (ילד קטן‎) meaning “A young boy” and بِنْتٌ صَغِيرَةٌ‎ (ילדה קטנה‎) meaning “A young girl”.

Translation	Arabic
A famous engineer	مُهَنْدِسٌ شَهِيرٌ‎ ילד קטן‎
A tasty apple	تُفَّاحَةٌ لَذِيذَةٌ‎ תפוח טעים‎

• Both the adjective and the noun are either definite or indefinite. Therefore if the noun is definite, then the adjective which is describing the noun will also be definite e.g. الْمَكْتَبُ الْقَدِيمُ‎ (השולחן הישן‎) meaning "The old table" and when the noun is indefinite the adjective will also be indefinite e.g. كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ‎ (ספר חדש‎) meaning "A new book".

Translation	Arabic
The big city	الْمَدِينَةُ الْكَبِيرَةُ‎ העיר הגדולה‎
A poor man	رَجُلٌ فَقِيرٌ‎ איש עני‎

• The adjective also has the same case as the noun i.e., if the noun is in the nominative case, the adjective will also be in the nominative case e.g., الدَّرْسُ الصَّعْبُ‎ meaning "The difficult lesson", if the noun is in the accusative case then the adjective will also be in the accusative case and if the noun is in the genitive case then the adjective will also be in the genitive case.

Translation	Case	Arabic
Ahmad went to an ill friend	Genitive	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إلى صَدِيقٍ مَرِيضٍ‎ אחמד הלך אל חבר חולה‎
This is a new teacher	Nominative	هَـٰذَا مُدَرِّسٌ جَدِيدٌ.‎ זה מורה חדש.‎
The pen is in the small bag	Genitive	الْقَلَمُ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ الصَّغِيرَةِ.‎ העט בתוך התיק הקטן.‎
The old book is at home	Nominative	الْكِتَابُ القَدِيمُ فِي الْبَيْتِ.‎ הספר הישן בבית.‎
The water is in a broken glass	Genitive	الْمَاءُ فِي كَأْسٍ مَكْسُورٍ.‎ המים בכס השבור.‎
I saw the big sun.	Accusutive	رَأَيْتُ الشَّمْسَ الكَبيرَ‎ ראיתי את השמש הגדולה.‎

Simple Examples

Translation	Arabic
English is a difficult language	الإِنْكِلِيزِيَّةُ لُغَةٌ صَعْبَةٌ‎ אנגלית שפה קשה.‎
Ahmad is a rich merchant	أَحْمَدُ تَاجِرٌ غَنِيٌّ‎ אחמד סוחר עשיר.‎
I am a new teacher	اأَنَا مُدَرِّسٌ جَدِيدٌ‎ אני מורה חדש.‎
Muhammad is a good doctor	مُحَمَّدٌ طَبِيبٌ جَيِّدٌ‎ מוחמד רופא טוב.‎
Cairo is a vast city	الْقَاهِرَةُ مَدِينَةٌ وَاسِعَةٌ‎ קהיר עיר גדולה.‎
The apple is a tasty fruit	التُّفَّاحُ فَاكِهَةٌ لَذِيذَةٌ‎ התפוח פרי טעים.‎
Arabic is an easy language	الْعَرَبِيَّةُ لُغَةٌ سَهْلَةٌ‎ ערבית שפה קלה.‎
Are you a lazy student?	أَأَنْتَ طَالِبٌ كَسْلاَنُ؟‎ האתה תלמיד עצלן?‎
Iman is a hard-working student	إِيمَانُ طَالِبَةٌ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ‎ אימאן תלמידה חרוצה.‎
The sparrow is a beautiful bird	الْعُصْفُورُ طَيْرٌ جَمِيلٌ‎ הדרור ציפור יפה.‎
America is a big country	أَمْرِيكَا بَلَدٌ كَبِيرٌ.‎ אמריקה מדינה גדולה.‎
This is the new fan	هَـٰذِهِ الْمِرْوَحَةُ الْجَدِيدَةُ.‎ זהו מאוורר חדש.‎
Ahmad entered [into] a vast building	دَخَلَ أَحْمَدُ فِي مَنْزِلٍ كَبِيرٍ.‎ אחמד נכנס לתוך הבניין הגדול.‎
A seagull is a beautiful bird	النَّوْرَسُ طَيْرٌ جَمِيلٌ.‎ השחף הוא ציפור יפה.‎
This is a crowded road	هَذَا طَرِيقٌ مُزْدَحِمٌ.‎ זהו כביש צפוף.‎
The clean room	الْغُرْفَةُ النَّظِيفَةُ.‎ החדר הנקי.‎
I am an old teacher	أَنَا مُدَرِّسَةٌ قَدِيمَةٌ‎ אני מורה ישנה.‎
This is a broken pen	هَذَا قَلَمٌ مَكْسُورٌ‎ העט הזה שבור.‎
Muhammad is a rich merchant	مُحَمَّدٌ تَاجِرٌ غَنِيٌّ‎ מוחמד סוחר עשיר.‎
Faisal is a lazy student	فَيْصَلٌ طَالِبٌ كَسْلانُ‎ פיסל תלמיד עצלן.‎
The handkerchief is a useful thing	الْمِنْدِيلُ شَيْءٌ مُفِيدٌ‎ הממטחה דבר שימושית.‎
Where is the new teacher?	أَيْنَ الْمُدَرِّسُ الْجَدِيدُ؟‎ איפה המורה החדש?‎
The elder merchant is in the market	التَّاجِرُ الْكَبِيرُ فِي السُّوقِ‎ הסחור המבוגר בשוק.‎
I am an old student	أَنَا طَالِبٌ قَدِيمٌ‎ אני תלמיד ישן.‎
Who is this tall boy who went out	مَنْ هَذَا الْوَلَدُ الطَّوِيلُ الَّذِي خَرَجَ‎ מי זה הילד הגבוה אשר יצא?‎
The book that is on the desk belongs to the teacher	الْكِتَابُ الَّذِي عَلَى الْمَكْتَبِ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ הספר אשר על מדף המורה.‎

Ownership and Adjective

In Arabic, a noun and its adjective share the same noun case. In the following examples, you can identify which noun and adjective belong to each other by comparing their noun cases.

English	Arabic
The new house of the Imam	بَيْتُ الإِمَامِ الْجَدِيدُ‎ בית החדש של האימאם‎
The house of the new Imam	بَيْتُ الإِمَامِ الْجَدِيدِ‎ בית של האימאם החדש‎
The new house of the tall Imam	بَيْتُ الإِمَامِ الْطِوَالِ الْجَدِيدُ‎ בית החדש של האימאם הגבוה‎

When the /Muđâf Ilaihi/ (possessor) is a possessive pronoun, the adjective of such a /Muđâf/ that it qualifies is definite e.g.:

English	Arabic
His new house	بَيْتُهُ الْجَدِيدُ‎
Its opened window	نَافِذَتُهَا الْمَفْتُوحَةُ‎

If the /Muđâf/ is in the nominative case, the adjective will also take the nominative case e.g.:

English	Arabic
The new book of the teacher	كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْجَدِيدُ‎

If the /Muđâf/ is in the genitive case, the adjective will also take the genitive case e.g.:

English	Arabic
The book is on the teacher's new desk	الْكِتَابُ عَلَى مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْجَدِيدِ‎

If the /Muđâf/ is a feminine noun, the adjective should also be feminine, e.g.:

English	Arabic
The old bag of the boy	حَقِيبَةُ الْوَلَدِ الْقَدِيمَةُ‎

More examples:

English	Arabic
The new house of the Imam	بَيْتُ الإِمَامِ الْجَدِيدُ‎ בית החדש של האימאם‎
The boy's broken desk	مَكْتَبُ الْوَلَدِ الْمَكْسُورُ‎ שולחן השבור של הילד‎
The opened window of the room	نَافِذَةُ الْغُرْفَةِ الْمَفْتُوحَةُ‎ חלון הפתוח של החדר‎
His new house	بَيْتُهُ الْجَدِيدُ‎ הבית החדש שלו (ביתו החדש)‎
Its opened window	نَافِذَتُهَا الْمَفْتُوحَةُ‎ החלון הפתוחה שלה (חלונה הפתוחה)‎
The new book of the teacher	كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْجَدِيدُ‎ הספר החדש של המורה‎
The book of the new teacher	كِتَابُ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْجَدِيدِ‎ הספר של המורה החדש‎
The book is on the teacher's new desk	الْكِتَابُ عَلَى مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْجَدِيدِ‎ הספר של המורה על השולחן החדש‎
The book that is on the teacher's desk is new	الْكِتَابُ الَّذِي‎ عَلَى مَكْتَبِ الْمُدَرِّسِ جَدِيدٌ‎ הספר אשר על השולחן של המורה חדש‎
The old bag of the boy	حَقِيبَةُ الْوَلَدِ الْقَدِيمَةُ‎ התיק הישן של הילד‎
This is the old car of the director	هَذِهِ سَيَّارَةُ الْمُدِيرِ الْقَدِيمَةُ.‎ זה המכונית הישנה של הבמאי‎
The broken pen of the girl	قَلَمُ الْبِنْتِ الْمَكْسُورُ.‎ העט השבור של הילדה‎
The dirty shirt of the father	قَمِيصُ الأَبِ الْوَسِخُ.‎ החולצה המלוכלכת של האב‎
The sparrow on the big apple tree	الْعُصْفُورُ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ التُّفَّاحِ الْكَبِيرَةِ.‎ הדוד על תפוח העץ הגדולה.‎
The vast (spacious) garden of the house	حَدِيقَةُ الْبَيْتِ الْوَاسِعَةُ.‎ גינה הגדולה של הבית‎
This story is from the old book of the Arabic language	هَذِهِ الْقِصَّةُ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ الْقَدِيمِ.‎ הסיפור הזאת היא מהספר הישן של השפה הערבית.‎
The old notebook of the student	كُرَّاسَةُ الطَّالِبِ الْقَدِيمَةُ‎
The notenook of the old student	كُرَّاسَةُ الطَّالِبِ الْقَدِيمِ‎
The locked door of the room	بَابُ الْغُرْفَةِ الْمُغْلَقُ‎
The opened window of the room	نَافِذَةُ الْغُرْفَةِ الْمَفْتُوحَةُ‎
The teacher's hardworking daughter	بِنْتُ الْمُدَرِّسِ الْمُجْتَهِدَةُ‎
The easy Arabic langauge	اللُّغَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ السَّهْلَةُ‎}
The girl's clean room	غُرفَةُ الْبِنْتِ النَّظِيفَةُ‎}
The boy's standing mother	أُمُّ الْوَلَدِ الْوَاقِفَةُ‎}

Adverb

Adverbial Time Object (ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ‎)

In Arabic, some forms indicate the time when an action has occurred. This type of noun is called the "Adverbial Time Object - ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ‎" or "The object of time – الْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ‎ ".

The example words of an Adverbial Time Objects:

English	Arabic
Before	قَبْلَ‎ לפני, קדם ל-‎
After	بَعْدَ‎ אחרי‎

These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /fatħah/. However, they work as /Muđâf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.:

English	Arabic
I entered the house after the prayer	دَخَلْتُ الْبَيْتَ بَعْدَ الصَّلاةِ.‎ נכנסתי אל הבית אחרי התפילה.‎
I went to the school before Ahmad	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمَدْرَسَةِ قَبْلَ أَحْمَدَ.‎ הלכתי אל הבית ספר לפני אחמד.‎

Some more examples to understand this rule:

English	Arabic
Muhammad entered into the room after a prayer.	دَخَلَ مُحَمَّدٌ الْغُرْفَةَ بَعْدَ صَلاةٍ.‎
Ayesha went to the university before the lesson.	ذَهَبَتْ عَائِشَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ قَبْلَ الدَّرْسِ.‎
They (fem.) wrote the story after one week.	هُنَّ كَتَبْنَ الْقِصَّةَ بَعْدَ أُسْبُوعٍ.‎
I went to hospital a month ago.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى قَبْلَ شَهْرٍ.‎
When does Khalida go to university? Khalida goes to university the next day.	مَتَى تَذْهَبُ خَالِدَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ؟ تَذْهَبُ خَالِدَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ بَعْدَ يَوْمٍ‎
When do you return from your home? I will return from my home after a week.	مَتَى تَرْجِعُ مِنْ بَيْتِكَ؟ أَرْجِعُ مِنْ بَيْتِي بَعْدَ أُسْبُوعٍ‎
When did they come back from the restaurant? They returned from the restaurant an hour ago.	مَتَى رَجَعُوا مِنَ الْمَطْعَمِ؟ رَجَعُوا مِنَ الْمَطْعَمِ قَبْلَ السَّاعَةِ‎
When did you visit your friend? I visited my friend a week ago	مَتَى زُرْتِ صَدِيقَتَكِ؟ زُرْتُ صَدِيقَتِي قَبْلَ أُسْبُوعٍ‎

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

In Arabic, personal pronouns have 12 forms. In singular and plural, the 2nd and 3rd persons have separate masculine and feminine forms, while the 1st person does not. In the dual, there is no 1st person, and only a single form for each 2nd and 3rd person. Traditionally, the pronouns are listed in the order 3rd, 2nd, 1st.

Person		Singular	Dual	Plural
1st		أَنَا‎ anā אני‎	نَحْنُ‎ naḥnu אנחנו, אנו‎
2nd	masculine	أَنْتَ‎ anta אתה‎	أَنْتُمَا‎ antumā	أَنْتُمْ‎ antum אתם‎
	feminine	أَنْتِ‎ anti את‎		أَنْتُنَّ‎ antunna אתן‎
3rd	masculine	هُوَ‎ huwa הוא‎	هُمَا‎ humā	هُمْ‎ hum הם‎
	feminine	هِيَ‎ hiya היא‎		هُنَّ‎ hunna הן‎

Informal Arabic tends to avoid the dual forms antumā أَنْتُمَا and humā هُمَا. The feminine plural forms antunna أَنْتُنَّ and hunna هُنَّ are likewise avoided, except by speakers of conservative colloquial varieties that still possess separate feminine plural pronouns.

The plural of both the masculine and the feminine personal as well as possessive pronouns are used to refer only to human beings, e.g.:

English	Arabic
They are teachers - He is a teacher	هُوَ مُدَرِّسٌ - هُمْ مُدَرِّسُونَ‎ הוא מלמד - הם מלמדים‎
Those are students they are from America - That is a student, he is from America	ذَلِكَ طَالِبٌ, هُوَ مِن أَمْرِيكَا - أُولَئِكَ طُلابٌ, هُمْ مِن أَمْرِيكَا‎ זה תלמיד מאמריקה - אלה תלמידים מאמריקה‎
They are lady teachers - She is a lady teacher	هِيَ مُدَرِّسَةٌ - هُنَّ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ‎ היא מלמדת - הן מלמדות‎
Those are students, they are hard working - That is a student, she is hard working	تِلْكَ تِلْمِيْذَةٌ، هِيَ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ - أُوْلَئِكَ تِلْمِيذَاتٌ، هُنَّ مُجْتَهِدَاتٌ‎ זאת תלמידה, היא חרוצה - אלה תלמידות, הן חרוצות‎
Singular: He is a Muslim. Plural: They are Muslims	الْمُفْرَدُ: هُوَ مُسْلِمٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ.‎ יחיד: הוא מוסלימי. רבים: הם מוסלימים.‎
Singular: I have an elder brother, he is in the university. Plural: I have elder brothers, they are in the university	الْمُفْرَدُ: لِي أَخٌ كَبِيرٌ، هُوَ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: لِي إِخْوَةٌ كِبَارٌ، هُمْ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ יחיד: לי אח גדול והוא באוניברסיטה. רבים: לי אחים גדולים והם באוניברסיטה.‎
Singular: His father is a doctor. Plural: Their father is a doctor.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَبُوهُ طَبِيبٌ. الْجَمْعُ: أَبُوهُمْ طَبِيبٌ.‎ יחיד:אביו רופא. רבים: אביהם רופא.‎
Singular: She is fasting. Plural: They are fasting	الْمُفْرَدُ: هِيَ صَائِمَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هُنَّ صَائِمَاتٌ.‎ יחיד: היא צמה. רבים: הן צמות.‎
Singular: She is a student, her house is near the mosque. Plural: They are students, their house is near the mosque	الْمُفْرَدُ: هِيَ طَالِبَةٌ، بَيْتُهَا عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ. الْجَمْعُ: هُنَّ طَالِبَاتٌ، بَيْتُهُنَّ عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ יחיד: היא תלמידה, ביתה ליד המסגד. רבים: הן תלמידות, ביתן ליד המסגד.‎
Singular: Her book is in the bag. Plural: Their books are in the bag	الْمُفْرَدُ: كِتَابُهَا فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: كُتُبُهُنَّ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ.‎ יחיד: ספרה בתיק. אבים: ספרהן בתיק.‎
Singular: He is a student. Dual: They both are students	الْمُفْرَدُ: هُوَ طَالِبٌ. الْمُثَنَّى: هُمَا طَالِبَانِ.‎
Singular: She is a teacher. Dual: They are both teachers	الْمُفْرَدُ: هِيَ مُدَرِّسَةٌ. الْمُثَنَّى: هُمَا مُدَرِّسَتَانِ.‎
Singular: This boy is poor, he is an orphan as well. Dual: These two boys are poor, they are both orphans as well	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا الْوَلَدُ فَقِيرٌ، هُوَ يَتِيمٌ أَيْضًا. الْمُثَنَّى: هَذَانِ الْوَلَدَانِ فَقِيرَانِ، هُمَا يَتِيمَانِ أَيْضًا.‎
Singular: This girl is a student, she is very hard working. Dual: These two girls are students, they are both very hard working	الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ الْبِنْتُ طَالِبَةٌ، هِيَ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ جِدًّا. الْمُثَنَّى: هَاتَانِ الْبِنْتَانِ طَالِبَتَانِ، هُمَا مُجْتَهِدَتَانِ جِدًّا.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎
Singular: xxxxxxxxxx. Dual: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	الْمُفْرَدُ: ככככככככככככ. الْمُثَنَّى: ככככככככככככ.‎

Verbs with pronouns

Verb conjugation refers to the way a verb changes form depending on the subject of the sentence. The subject is typically a pronoun like "I," "you," "he," "she," etc. Different languages have different rules for verb conjugation.

In modern English, verbs change very little based on the subject pronoun. The only significant change is in the third-person singular (he, she, it) form in the present tense:

1. I/You/We/They sing
2. He/She/It sings

In the past tense, the verb doesn't change at all, no matter the subject:

1. I/You/He/We/They sang

In older forms of English, such as the English used by Shakespeare, there were more variations:

1. Thou singest (second-person singular)
2. He singeth (third-person singular)

This is similar to how many other languages, like German and Arabic, still conjugate verbs today.

Let us see how the verb changes in Shakespearean-English and Modern German:

Pronoun	Present	Past
I ich	sing singe	sang sang
thou du	singest singst	sangest sangst
he er	singeth; sings singt	sang sang
we wir	sing singen	sang sangen
you ihr	sing singt	sang sangt
they sie	sing singen	sang sangen

Arabic also conjugates verbs differently based on the pronoun, with distinct forms for each. The conjugation changes not only for person (I, you, he, etc.) but also for gender and number (singular, dual, plural).

Plurality	Pronoun	Past	Present Indicative
Singular	I أَنَا‎ אני‎	كَتَبْتُ‎ katab-tu כתבתי‎	أَكْتُبُ‎ a-ktub-u אכתב‎
	You (Masc.) أَنْتَ‎ אתה‎	كَتَبْتَ‎ katab-ta כתבת‎	تَكْتُبُ‎ ta-ktub-u תכתב‎
	You (Fem.) أَنْتِ‎ את‎	كَتَبْتِ‎ katab-ti כתבת‎	تَكْتُبِينَ‎ ta-ktub-īna תכתבי‎
	He هُوَ‎ הוא‎	كَتَبَ‎ katab-a כתב‎	يَكْتُبُ‎ ya-ktub-u יכתב‎
	She هِيَ‎ היא‎	كَتَبَتْ‎ katab-at כתבה‎	تَكْتُبُ‎ ta-ktub-u תכתב‎
Dual	You two أَنْتُمَا‎ אתם‎	كَتَبْتُمَا‎ katab-tumā כתבתם‎	تَكْتُبَانِ‎ ta-ktub-āni תכתבו‎
	They two (Masc.) هُمَا‎ הם‎	كَتَبَا‎ katab-ā כתבו‎	يَكْتُبَانِ‎ ya-ktub-āni יכתבו‎
	They two (Fem.) هُمَا‎ הם‎	كَتَبَتَا‎ katab-atā כתבו‎	تَكْتُبَانِ‎ ta-ktub-āni יכתבו‎
Plural	We نَحْنُ‎ אנחנו‎	كَتَبْنَا‎ katab-nā כתבנו‎	نَكْتُبُ‎ na-ktub-u נכתוב‎
	You all (Masc.) أَنْتُمْ‎ אתם‎	كَتَبْتُمْ‎ katab-tum כתבתם‎	تَكْتُبُونَ‎ ta-ktub-ūna תכתבו‎
	You all (Fem.) أَنْتُنَّ‎ אתן‎	كَتَبْتُنَّ‎ katab-tunna כתבתן‎	تَكْتُبْنَ‎ ta-ktub-na תכתבו‎
	They (Masc.) هُمْ‎ הם‎	كَتَبُوا‎ katab-ū כתבו‎	يَكْتُبُونَ‎ ya-ktub-ūna יכתבו‎
	They (Fem.) هُنَّ‎ הן‎	كَتَبْنَ‎ katab-na כתבו‎	يَكْتُبْنَ‎ ya-ktub-na יכתבו‎

Simple examples

English	Arabic
Ahmad went to the house	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ אחמד הלך אל הבית.‎
Fatima went to the house	ذَهَبَتْ فَاطِمَةُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ פטימה הלכה אל הבית.‎
The young man went out of the class	خَرَجَ الْفَتَى مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ האיש הצעיר יצא מהשיעור.‎
The young lady went out of the class	خَرَجَتِ الْفَتَاةُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ האישה הצעירה יצאה מהשיעור.‎
You (masculine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتَ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ אתה ישבת על הכיסה.‎
You (feminine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتِ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ את ישבת על הכיסה.‎
The male teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَ الْمُدَرِّسُ أَمَامَ السَّبُّورَةِ.‎ המורה עמד מול הלוח.‎
The lady teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَتِ الْمُدَرِّسَةُ أَمَامَ السَّبُّورَةِ.‎ המורה עמדה מול הלוח.‎
The father opened the door	فَتَحَ الأَبُ الْبَابَ.‎ האב פתח את הדלת.‎
The mother opened the door	فَتَحَتِ الأُمُّ الْبَابَ.‎ האם פתחה את הדלת.‎
The male student read the lesson	دَرَسَ الطَّالِبُ الدَّرْسَ.‎ התלמיד למד את השיעור.‎
The female student read the lesson	دَرَسَتِ الطَّالِبَةُ الدَّرْسَ.‎ התלמידה למדה את השיעור.‎
You (singular) went to the house	أَنْتَ ذَهَبْتَ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ אתה הלכת אל הבית.‎
You (plural) went to the house	أَنْتُمْ ذَهَبْتُمْ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ אתם הלכתם אל הבית.‎
You went out of the class	خَرَجْتَ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ אתה יצאת מן השיעור.‎
You (plural) went out of the class	خَرَجْتُمْ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ אתם יצאתם מן השיעור.‎
Oh boy! You sat on a chair	يَا وَلَدُ! جَلَسْتَ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ אוי ילד! ישבת על הכיסה.‎
Oh boys! You (plural) sat on a chair	يَا أَوْلاَدُ! جَلَسْتُمْ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ אוי ילדים! ישבתם על הכיסה.‎
Ahmad went to Iraq.	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ.‎ אחמד הלך אל עיראק.‎
Amina went out of the classroom.	خَرَجَتْ آمِنَةُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ אמינה יצאה מן השיעור.‎
I went to the hospital.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَىٰ.‎ הלכתי לבית חולים.‎
We went out of the university.	خَرَجْنَا مِن الْجَامِعَةِ.‎ הלכנו לאוניברסיטה.‎
He went to the teacher	هُوَ ذَهَبَ عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ.‎ הוא הלך למורה‎
They went to the teacher	هُمْ ذَهَبُوْا عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ‎ הם הלכו למורה‎
The student went out with his colleague	الطَّالِبُ خَرَجَ مَعَ زَمِيلِهِ‎ התלמיד יצא עם שותפיו.‎
The students went out with their colleagues	الطُّلابُ خَرَجُوا مَعَ زُمَلائهِمْ‎ התלמידים יצאו עם שותפיהם.‎
The boy sat in the restaurant	الْوَلَدُ جَلَسَ فِي الْمَطْعَمِ‎ הילד ישב במסעדה.‎
The boys sat in the restaurant	الأَوْلادُ جَلَسُوْا فِي الْمَطْعَمِ‎ הילדים ישבו במסעדה.‎
She stood near the door	هِيَ وَقَفَتْ عِنْدَ الْبَابِ‎ היא עמדה ליד הדלת.‎
They stood near the door	هُنَّ وَقَفْنَ عِنْدَ الْبَابِ‎ הן עמדו ליד הדלת.‎
She wrote on the black board	هِيَ كَتَبَتْ عَلَى السَّبُّورَةِ‎ היא כתבה על הלוח.‎
They wrote on the black board	هُنَّ كَتَبْنَ عَلَى السَّبُّورَةِ‎ הן כתבו על הלוח.‎
Tahir's daughter sat in the car	بِنْتُ طَاهِرٍ جَلَسَتْ فِي السَّيَّارَةِ‎ בתו של טאהר ישבה במכונית.‎
Tahir's daughters sat in the car	بَنَاتُ طَاهِرٍ جَلَسْنَ فِي السَّيَّارَةِ‎ בנותיו של טאהר ישבו במכונית.‎

Possessive pronouns

The enclitic forms of personal pronouns (اَلضَّمَائِر الْمُتَّصِلَة‎ aḍ-ḍamā’ir al-muttaṣilah) are used both as accusative and genitive forms of the pronouns. As genitive forms they appear in the following contexts:

• After the construct state of nouns, where they have the meaning of possessive determiners, e.g. "my, your, his"

English	Arabic
Your book	كِتَابُكَ‎ ספרך‎
His book	كِتَابُهُ‎ ספרו‎

• After prepositions, where they have the meaning of objects of the prepositions, e.g. "to me, to you, to him"

English	Arabic
For you	لك‎ לך‎
For me	لي‎ לי‎

As accusative forms they appear:

• Attached to verbs, where they have the meaning of direct object pronouns, e.g. "me, you, him"

English	Arabic
You saw me	رَأَيْتَنِي‎ ראית אותי (ראיתני)‎
You killed him	قتلته‎ קטלת אותו (קטלתהו)‎
He killed you	قتلك‎ קטל אותך (קטלך)‎

• Attached to conjunctions and particles like أَنَّ anna "that ...", لِأَنَّ li-anna "because ...", وَ)لٰكِنَّ)) (wa)lākinna "but ...", إِنَّ inna (topicalizing particle), where they have the meaning of subject pronouns, e.g. "because I ...", "because you ...", "because he ...". (These particles are known in Arabic as akhawāt inna أَخَوَات إِنَّ (lit. "sisters of inna".)

Only the first person singular makes a distinction between the genitive and accusative function. As a possessive it takes the form -ī while as an object form it has the form -nī.

English	Arabic
You saw me	رَأَيْتَنِي‎ ראיתני‎
My book	كِتَابِي‎ ספרי‎

Most of the enclitic forms are clearly related to the full personal pronouns.

Person		Singular	Dual	Plural
1st		ـِي‎ (poss.) -ī/-ya -י‎ ـنِي‎ (obj.) -nī -ני‎	ـنَا‎ -nā -נו‎
2nd	masculine	ـكَ‎ -ka -ך‎	ـكُمَا‎ -kumā	ـكُمْ‎ -kum -כם‎
	feminine	ـكِ‎ -ki -ך‎		ـكُنَّ‎ -kunna -כן‎
3rd	masculine	ـهُ, ـهِ‎ -hu/-hi -ו, -יו‎	ـهُمَا, ـهِمَا‎ -humā/-himā	ـهُمْ, ـهِمْ‎ -hum/-him -ם, -הם‎
	feminine	-hā ـهَا‎ -ה‎		ـهُنَّ, ـهِنَّ‎ -hunna/-hinna -ן, -הן‎

Examples

English	Arabic	Example
Your (masculine) book	(كَ)‎ (ך)‎	كِتَابُكَ‎ ספרך‎
Your (feminine) book	(كِ)‎ (ך)‎	كِتَابُكِ‎ ספרך‎
His book	(هُ)‎ (ו)‎	كِتَابُهُ‎ ספרו‎
Her book	(هَا)‎ (ה)‎	كِتَابُهَا‎ ספרה‎
My book	(ي)‎ (י)‎	كِتَابِي‎ ספרי‎
Our book	(نَا)‎ (נו)‎	كِتَابُنَا‎ ספרנו‎
You all’s (masculine) book	(ـكُمْ)‎ (כם)‎	كِتَابُكُمْ‎ ספרכם‎
You all’s (feminine) book	(كُنَّ)‎ (כן)‎	كِتَابُكُنَّ‎ ספרכן‎
Their (masculine) book	(ـهُمْ)‎ (ם)‎	كِتَابُهُمْ‎ ספרם‎
Their (feminine) book	(ـهُنَّ)‎ (ן)‎	كِتَابُهُنَّ‎ ספרן‎

Examples

English	Arabic
This book is yours (masculine)	هَـٰذَا كِتَابُكَ‎ זהו ספרך‎
This pen is yours (feminine)	هَـٰذَا قَلَمُكِ‎ זהו עטך‎
This bag is his	هَـٰذِهِ حَقِيبَتُهُ‎ זה התיק שלו‎
This note book is hers	هَـٰذِهِ كُرَّاسَتُهَا‎ זאתי מחברתה‎
This is my house.	هَـٰذَا بَيْتِي‎ זה ביתי‎
Islam is our religion	الإِسْلاَمُ دِيْنُنَا‎ איסלאם הוא דתנו‎
Who are you? (masculine- singular) I am a student	مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا طَالِبٌ‎ מי אתה? אני תלמיד‎
Where are you from? (masculine - plural) We are from China	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتُمْ؟ نَحْنُ مِنَ الصِّينِ‎ מאין אתם? אנחנו מסין‎
Where is your book? My book is in the bag	أَيْنَ كِتَابُكَ؟ كِتَابِي فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ‎ איפה ספרך? ספרי בתיק‎
What is your language? Our language is Chinese	مَا لُغَتُكُمْ؟ لُغَتُنَا الصِّينِيَّةُ‎ מה שפתך? שפתי סינית‎
My house is in front of the mosque.	بَيْتِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ בתי מול המסגד.‎
My house is beautiful.	بَيْتِي جَمِيلٌ.‎ בתי יפה.‎
In it there is a small garden.	فِيهِ حَدِيقَةٌ صَغِيرَةٌ.‎ בה יש גן קטן.‎
This is my room.	هَـٰذِهِ غُرْفَتِي.‎ זה חדרי.‎
In it is a big window and a beautiful fan.	فِيهَا نَافِذَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ وَمِرْوَحَةٌ جَمِيلَةٌ.‎ בה יש חלון גדול ומאוורר יפה.‎
This is my bed and this is my chair and this is my desk.	هَـٰذَا سَرِيرِي وَهَـٰذَا كُرْسِيِّي وَهَـٰذَا مَكْتَبِي.‎ זה מיטתי וזה כיסתי וזה שולחני.‎
My watch and my pen and my book are on the desk	سَاعَتِي وَقَلَمِي وَكِتَابِي عَلَى الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ שעוני ועטי וספרי על השולחן.‎
and my bag is under the desk.	وَحَقِيبَتِي تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ ותיקי מתחת לשולחן.‎
This is my brother's room and that is my sister's room.	هَـٰذِهِ غُرْفَةُ أَخِي وَتِلْكَ غُرْفَةُ أُخْتِي.‎ זה חדר אחי וזה חדר אחותי.‎
My brother's room is in front of my room and my sister's room is in front of the kitchen.	غُرْفَةُ أَخِي أَمَامَ غُرْفَتِي وَغُرْفَةُ أُخْتِي أَمَامَ الْمَطْبَخِ.‎ חדר אחי מול חדרי וחדר אחותי מול המבטח.‎
I have one brother and his name is Usama, I have one sister and her name is Sana.	لِي أَخٌ وَاحِدٌ اسْمُهُ أُسَامَةُ، وَلِي أُخْتٌ وَاحِدَةٌ اسْمُهَا سَنَاءُ.‎ יש לי אח אחד ושמו וסאמה, יש לי אחות אחת ושמה סאנה.‎
I love Allah (God).	أُحِبُّ اللهَ.‎ אני אוהב את אללה.‎
Khalid likes the Arabic language.	يُحِبُّ خَالِدٌ اللُّغَةَ الْعَرَبِيَّةَ.‎ חאלד אוהב את השפה הערבית.‎
Fatimah likes reading.	تُحِبُّ فَاطِمَةُ الْقِرَاءَةَ.‎ פטימה אוהבת קריאה.‎
We love our religion.	نُحِبُّ دِينَنَا.‎ אנחנו אוהבים את דתנו.‎
You love your colleague.	تُحِبُّ زَمِيلَكَ.‎ אתה אוהב את שותפך.‎
That is my father I like him.	ذَلِكَ أَبِي أَنَا أُحِبُّهُ.‎ זה אבי ואני אוהב אותו.‎
That is my mother I like her.	تِلْكَ أُمِي أَنَا أُحِبُّهَا.‎ זאת אמי ואני אוהב אותה.‎
What is your name? My name is Abbas	مَا اسْمُكَ؟ اسْمِي عَبَّاسٌ.‎ מה שמך? שמי עבאס.‎
He is my colleague and his name is Anser, he is from Japan.	هُوَ زَمِيلِي وَاسْمُهُ عَنْصَرُ، هُوَ مِنَ اليَابَانِ.‎ זה שותפי ושמו אנסר, הוא מיפן.‎
This is my pen and its colour is red.	هَذَا قَلَمِي وَلَوْنُهُ أَحْمَرُ.‎ זה עטי וצבעו אדום.‎
Oh Abbas what is your mother tongue? My mother tongue is Urdu and it is an easy language.	مَا لُغَتُكَ يَا عَبَّاسُ؟ لُغَتِي الأُرْدِيَّةُ وَهِيَ لُغَةٌ سَهْلَةٌ.‎ או עבאס מה שפת אימך? שפת אימי היא אורדית והיא שפה קלה.‎
And what is Anser's mother tongue? His mother tongue is Japanese and it is a difficult language.	وَمَا لُغَةُ عَنْصَرَ؟ لُغَتُهُ الْيَابَانِيَّةُ وَهِيَ لُغَةٌ صَعْبَةٌ.‎ ומה שפת אימו של אנסר? שפת אימו היא יפנית והיא שפה קשה.‎
Muhammad is a doctor and his son is an Engineer	مُحَمَّدٌ طَبِيبٌ وَابْنُهُ مُهَنْدِسٌ‎ מוחמד רופא ובנו מהנדס.‎
This girl is a student her name is Zainab	هَذِهِ الْبِنْتُ طَالِبَةٌ اسْمُهَا زَيْنَبُ‎ הבת הזאת תלמידה ושמה זינב.‎
Aminah is in the room and her mother is in the kitchen	آمِنَةُ فِي الْغُرْفَةِ وَأُمُّهَا فِي الْمَطْبَخِ‎ אמינה בחדרה ואמה במטבח.‎
This is a great merchant and his name is Abdullah	هَذَا تَاجِرٌ كَبِيرٌ وَاسْمُهُ عَبْدُ اللهِ‎ זה סוחר גדול ושמו עבד-אללה.‎
A boy went out of the class and Tahir was with him	خَرَجَ وَلَدٌ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ وَمَعَهُ طَاهِرٌ‎ יצא ילד מן השיעור ועימו טאהר.‎
Ayesha is a doctor and her sister is a nurse	عَائِشَةُ طَبِيبَةٌ وَأُخْتُهَا مُمَرِّضَةٌ‎ עאישה רופאה ואחותה אחות.‎
His father is a doctor	أَبُوهُ طَبِيبٌ.‎ אביו רופא.‎
Their father is a doctor.	أَبُوهُمْ طَبِيبٌ.‎ אביהם רופא.‎
She is a student, her house is near the mosque	هِيَ طَالِبَةٌ، بَيْتُهَا عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ היא תלמידה, ביתה ליד המסגד.‎
They are students, their house is near the mosque	هُنَّ طَالِبَاتٌ، بَيْتُهُنَّ عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ.‎ הן תלמידות, ביתהן ליד המסגד.‎
Her book is in the bag	كِتَابُهَا فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ.‎ הספר שלה בתיק.‎
Their books are in the bag	كُتُبُهُنَّ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ.‎ הספר שלהן בתיק.‎
Where did you go O Fatima? I went to Kuwait	أَيْنَ ذَهَبْتِ يَا فَاطِمَةُ؟ ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْكُوَيْتِ‎ איפה הלכת פאטימה? הלכתי לקוית.‎
What is your language O Abbas? My language is French.	مَا لُغَتُكَ يَا عَبَّاسُ؟ لُغَتِي الْفَرَنْسِيَّةُ‎ מה שפתך עמאר? שפתי צרפתית.‎
Who is with you O Jamal? Umaya is with me.	مَنْ مَعَكَ يَا جَمَالُ؟ مَعِي أُمَيَّةُ‎ מי עמך ג'מאל? עמי אומיה.‎
Is his house near the University? No, his house is near the school.	أَبَيْتُهُ عِنْدَ الْجَامِعَةِ؟ لا، بَيْتُهُ عِنْدَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ‎ האם ביתו ליד לאוניברסיטה? לא, ביתו ליד בית הספר.‎
Where is your father, oh Tahir? My father is in China	أَيْنَ أَبُوْكَ يَا طَاهِرُ؟ أَبِي فِي الصِّيْنِ‎ איפה אביך טאהיר? אבי בסין.‎
Where is your book? My book is in the bag.	أَيْنَ كِتَابُكَ؟ كِتَابِي فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ‎
What is your language? Our language is Chines.	مَا لُغَتُكُمْ؟ لُغَتُنَا الصِّينِيَّةُ‎

Relative pronouns

A new type of pronoun which shows reference or relation between the nouns. This pronoun is called a Conjunctive pronoun or Relative pronoun in English and الاسْمُ المَوْصُولُ‎ in Arabic. If the pronoun refers to a human being it is to be translated "who" and if it refers to non human beings or an object it is translated as “which (or that)”.

Relative pronoun	الاِسْمُ المَوْصُولُ
Who (for human beings)	الَّذِي‎ אשר, ש-‎
Which / That (for non human beings / objects)	الَّذِي‎ אשר, ש-‎

An Arabic relative pronoun is a pronoun which refers or relates to some Arabic noun preceding it e.g., if we say:

English	Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed	هَـٰذَا مُحَمَّدٌ الَّذِي نَجَحَ‎ זה מוחמד שיצא.‎
This is the door which is in front of the mosque	هَـٰذَا الْبَابُ الَّذِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ‎ זה הדלת מול המסגד.‎
This is the cat that has sat	هَـٰذَا الْقِطُّ الَّذِي جَلَسَ‎ זה החתול שישב.‎

In the above sentences, the nouns Muhammad, door and cat are called antecedents and the words who, which and that refer to them respectively. In Arabic however all these three words (who, which and that) are represented by a single word.

Translation	الِاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ
Allah who has created humans	اللهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ الإِنْسَانَ.‎ אלוהים אשר ברא את האנושות.‎
The student who is in a school	الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي فِي مَدْرَسَةٍ.‎ התלמיד אשר נמצא בבית הספר.‎

Examples

English	Arabic
The beautiful pen which is on a desk belongs to the teacher	الْقَلَمُ الْجَمِيلُ الَّذِي عَلَىٰ مَكْتَبٍ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ.‎ העט היפה שעל השולחן הוא של המורה.‎
The bed that is in Khalid's room is broken	السَّرِيْرُ الَّذِي فِي غُرْفَةِ خَالِدٍ مَكْسُورٌ.‎ המיטה אשר בחדרו של חאלד שבורה.‎
The student who is sitting is from Indonesia	الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي هُوَ جَالِسٌ مِنْ إِنْدُونِيسِيَا.‎ התלמיד אשר יושב מאנדונזיה.‎
The house which is in front of the mosque belongs to the Muadhin.	الْبَيْتُ الَّذِي أمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ لِلْمُؤَذِّنِ.‎ הבית אשר מול המסגד הוא של המואזין.‎
The road that is near the school is crowded.	الطَّرِيقُ الَّذِي عِنْدَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ مُزْدَحِمٌ.‎ הכביש אשר ליד הבית הספר צפופה.‎

The masculine form of the Relative Pronoun is الَّذِي‎ and is translated as 'who' if used for a human being and to 'which or that' if used for the non human beings. Similarly the feminine form of the Relative Pronoun is الَّتِي‎ with the same meaning as the masculine form, however used for feminine objects or persons. Consider the following examples:

Examples

English	Arabic
This is Fatima who went out	هَذِهِ فَاطِمَةُ الَّتِي خَرَجَتْ.‎ זאתי פטימה שיצאה.‎
This is the window which is open	هَذِهِ النَّافِذَةُ الَّتِي فُتِحَتْ.‎ זה החלון שנפתח.‎
This is the bag that is under the desk	هَذِهِ هِيَ الْحَقِيبَةُ الَّتِي تَحْتَ الْمَكْتَبِ.‎ זה התיק אשר בתחתית השולחן.‎
The car that went out now is mine	السَّيَّارَةُ الَّتِي خَرَجَتِ الآنَ لِي.‎ המכונית שיצא עכשיו שייך לי.‎
The pen which is on the desk belongs to Nasir	الْقَلَمُ الَّذِي فَوْقَ الْمَكْتَبِ لِنَاصِرٍ.‎ העט אשר השולחן שייך לנזיר.‎
That cat which is on the tree belongs to her	تِلْكَ الْهِرَّةُ الَّتِي عَلَى الشَّجَرَةِ لَهَا.‎ החתול הזה אשר על העץ שייך לה.‎
The young boy who is near the black board is from Malaysia	الْفَتَى الَّذِي عِنْدَ السَّبُّورَةِ مِنْ مَالِيزِيَا.‎ הילד אשר ליד הלוח ממלזיה.‎
The young lady who went to the market is Fatima	الْفَتَاةُ الَّتِي ذَهَبَتْ إِلَى السُّوْقِ فَاطِمَةُ.‎ הילדה אשר הלכה לשוק היא פטימה.‎
The house which is in the street belongs to the minister	الْبَيْتُ الَّذِي فِي الشَّارِعِ لِلْوَزِيرِ.‎ הבית שברחוב הוא שייך לשר.‎
The pen which is in my bag is broken	الْقَلَمُ الَّذِي فِي حَقِيبَتِي مَكْسُورٌ‎ העט אשר בתוך התיק שבור.‎
The watch that lies on the desk belongs to the teacher	السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي عَلَى الْمَكْتَبِ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ השעון אשר על המדף שייך למורה.‎
The girl who went to the house is Fatima	الْبِنْتُ الَّتِي ذَهَبَتْ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ فَاطِمَةُ‎ הבת אשר הלכה אל הבית פאטימה.‎
The dog that is in the garden is sick	الْكَلْبُ الَّذِي فِي الْحَدِيقَةِ مَرِيضٌ‎ הכלב אשר בגינה חולה.‎
The key that is on the desk belongs to Muhammad	الْمِفْتَاحُ الَّذِي عَلَى الْمَكْتَبِ لِمُحَمَّدٍ‎ המפתח אשר על המדף שייך למוחמד.‎
The hen that is on the roof belongs to the farmer	الدَّجَاجَةُ الَّتِي فَوْقَ السَّقْفِ لِلْفَلَّاحِ‎ העוף אשר על הגג שייך לפלח..‎
The nurse who sat down is new	الْمُمَرِّضَةُ الَّتِي جَلَسَتْ جَدِيدَةٌ‎ האחות אשר ישבה חדשה.‎
The doctor who went out of the hospital is my father	الطَّبِيبُ الَّذِي خَرَجَ مِنَ الْمُسْتَشْفَى أَبِي‎ הרופא אשר יצא מן הבית חולים אבי.‎

Some (بَعْضٌ‎)

This Arabic word بَعْضٌ‎ (some) follows many of the simple grammatical rules already covered - i.e., it takes double /đammah/ when in the nominative case, double /fatħah/ when in the accusative case and double /kasrah/ when in the genitive case. Similarly, when it is annexed to a pronoun it takes a single /đammah/ if appearing in the nominative case, a single /fatħah/ if appearing in the accusative case, and a single /kasrah/ if appearing in the genitive case. Let us take some examples for a better understanding of this rule:

Examples with بَعْضٌ‎ (some)

These women are nurses, Some of them are from Italy and some of them are from France	هَؤُلاءِ النِّسَاءُ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ, بَعْضُهُنَّ مِنْ إِيطَالِيَا وَبَعْضُهُنَّ مِنْ فَرَنْسَا.‎ הנשים האלו אחיות, חלקן מאיטליה וחלקן מצרפת.‎
These men are pilgrims, Some of them are from India and some of them are from China	َؤُلاءِ الرِّجَالُ حُجَّاجٌ, بَعْضُهُمْ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ وَبَعْضُهُمْ مِنَ الصِّيْنِ.‎ האנשים האלה עולי רגל, חלקם מהודו וחלקם מסין.‎
Those boys are students, some of them are in the class and some of them are in the play ground	أُولَئِكَ الأَوْلادُ طُلابٌ, بَعْضُهُمْ فِي الْفَصْلِ وَبَعْضُهُمْ فِي الْمَلْعَبِ‎ הילדים האלה תלמידים, חלקם בכיתה וחלקם במגרש.‎
Are these men Muslims? Some of them are Muslims and some are Christians.	أَهَؤُلاءِ الرِّجَالُ مُسْلِمُونَ؟ بَعْضُهُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ وَبَعْضُهُمْ نَصَارَى.‎
Are these people are engineers? Some of them are engineers and some of them are merchants.	أَهَؤُلاءِ النَّاسُ مُهَنْدِسُونَ؟ بَعْضُهُمْ مُهَنْدِسُونَ وَبَعْضُهُمْ تُجَّارٌ‎
Are these women doctors? Some of them are doctors and some of them are nurses.	أَهَؤُلاءِ النِّسَاءُ طَبِيبَاتٌ؟ بَعْضُهُنَّ طَبِيبَاتٌ وَبَعْضُهُنَّ مُمَرِّضَاتٌ‎
Are thise girls tall? Some of them are tall and some of them are short.	أَأُولَئِكَ الْبَنَاتُ طَوِيلاتٌ؟ بَعْضُهُنَّ طَوِيلاتٌ وَبَعْضُهُنَّ قَصِيرَاتٌ‎
Are these youth playing? Some of them are playing and some are students.	أَهَؤُلاءِ الْفِتِيَةُ لاعِبُونَ؟ بَعْضُهُمْ لاعِبُونَ وَبَعْضُهُمْ طُلابٌ‎
Are these (fem.) friends? Some of them are friends and some of them are colleagues.	أَهَؤُلاءِ صَدِيقَاتٌ؟ بَعْضُهُنَّ صَدِيقَاتٌ وَبَعْضُهُنَّ زَمِيلاتٌ‎
Are those men rich? Some of them are rich and some of them are poor.	أَأُولَئِكَ الرِّجَالُ أَغْنِيَاءُ؟ بَعْضُهُمْ أغْنِيَاءُ وَبَعْضُهُمْ فُقَرَاءُ‎
Are those inspectors? Some of them are inspectors and some of them are directers.	أَأُولَئِكَ مُفَتِّشُونَ؟ بَعْضُهُمْ مُفَتِّشُونَ وَبَعْضُهُمْ مُوَجِّهُونَ‎
Are those women maternal aunts? Some of them are maternal aunts and some of them are mothers.	أَأُولَئِكَ النِّسَاءُ خَالاتٌ؟ بَعْضُهُنَّ خَالاتٌ وَبَعْضُهُنَّ أُمَّهَاتٌ‎

Negative

مَا" as a negative particle

English	Arabic
Do you have a pen? No, I do not have a pen.	أَمَعَكَ قَلَمٌ؟ لاَ، مَا مَعِي قَلَمٌ.‎
Do you have a bag? No, I do not have a bag.	أَمَعَكَ حَقِيبَةٌ؟ لاَ، مَا مَعِي حَقِيبَةٌ.‎
Who is this child? This child is the son of Mu'awiya.	مَنْ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ؟ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ ابْنُ مُعاوِيَةَ.‎
Did you go to Khalid? No, I went to Hanzala	أَذَهَبْتَ عِنْدَ خَالِدٍ؟ لاَ، ذَهَبْتُ عِنْدَ حَنْظَلَةَ.‎

Verbs

Plurality	Pronoun	Past	Present Indicative
Singular	أَنَا‎ אני‎	كَتَبْتُ‎ katab-tu כתבתי‎	أَكْتُبُ‎ a-ktub-u אכתב‎
	أَنْتَ‎ אתה‎	كَتَبْتَ‎ katab-ta כתבת‎	تَكْتُبُ‎ ta-ktub-u תכתב‎
	أَنْتِ‎ את‎	كَتَبْتِ‎ katab-ti כתבת‎	تَكْتُبِينَ‎ ta-ktub-īna תכתבי‎
	هُوَ‎ הוא‎	كَتَبَ‎ katab-a כתב‎	يَكْتُبُ‎ ya-ktub-u יכתב‎
	هِيَ‎ היא‎	كَتَبَتْ‎ katab-at כתבה‎	تَكْتُبُ‎ ta-ktub-u תכתב‎
Dual	أَنْتُمَا‎ אתם‎	كَتَبْتُمَا‎ katab-tumā כתבתם‎	تَكْتُبَانِ‎ ta-ktub-āni תכתבו‎
	هُمَا‎ הם‎	كَتَبَا‎ katab-ā כתבו‎	يَكْتُبَانِ‎ ya-ktub-āni יכתבו‎
	هُمَا‎ הם‎	كَتَبَتَا‎ katab-atā כתבו‎	تَكْتُبَانِ‎ ta-ktub-āni יכתבו‎
Plural	نَحْنُ‎ אנחנו‎	كَتَبْنَا‎ katab-nā כתבנו‎	نَكْتُبُ‎ na-ktub-u נכתוב‎
	أَنْتُمْ‎ אתם‎	كَتَبْتُمْ‎ katab-tum כתבתם‎	تَكْتُبُونَ‎ ta-ktub-ūna תכתבו‎
	أَنْتُنَّ‎ אתן‎	كَتَبْتُنَّ‎ katab-tunna כתבתן‎	تَكْتُبْنَ‎ ta-ktub-na תכתבו‎
	هُمْ‎ הם‎	كَتَبُوا‎ katab-ū כתבו‎	يَكْتُبُونَ‎ ya-ktub-ūna יכתבו‎
	هُنَّ‎ הן‎	كَتَبْنَ‎ katab-na כתבו‎	يَكْتُبْنَ‎ ya-ktub-na יכתבו‎

English	Arabic
Ahmad went to the house	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ אחמד הלך אל הבית.‎
Fatima went to the house	ذَهَبَتْ فَاطِمَةُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.‎ פטימה הלכה אל הבית.‎
The young man went out of the class	خَرَجَ الْفَتَى مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ האיש הצעיר יצא מהשיעור.‎
The young lady went out of the class	خَرَجَتِ الْفَتَاةُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.‎ האישה הצעירה יצאה מהשיעור.‎
You (masculine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتَ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ אתה ישבת על הכיסה.‎
You (feminine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتِ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎ את ישבת על הכיסה.‎
The male teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَ الْمُدَرِّسُ أَمَامَ السَّبُّورَةِ.‎ המורה עמד מול הלוח.‎
The lady teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَتِ الْمُدَرِّسَةُ أَمَامَ السَّبُّورَةِ.‎ המורה עמדה מול הלוח.‎
The father opened the door	فَتَحَ الأَبُ الْبَابَ.‎ האב פתח את הדלת.‎
The mother opened the door	فَتَحَتِ الأُمُّ الْبَابَ.‎ האם פתחה את הדלת.‎
The male student read the lesson	دَرَسَ الطَّالِبُ الدَّرْسَ.‎ התלמיד למד את השיעור.‎
The female student read the lesson	دَرَسَتِ الطَّالِبَةُ الدَّرْسَ.‎ התלמידה למדה את השיעור.‎
Singular: He went to the teacher. Plural: They went to the teacher	الْمُفْرَدُ: هُوَ ذَهَبَ عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ. الْجَمْعُ: هُمْ ذَهَبُوْا عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ.‎
Singular: The student went out with his colleague. Plural: The students went out with their colleagues	الْمُفْرَدُ: الطَّالِبُ خَرَجَ مَعَ زَمِيلِهِ. الْجَمْعُ: الطُّلابُ خَرَجُوا مَعَ زُمَلائهِمْ.‎
Singular: The boy sat in the restaurant. Plural: The boys sat in the restaurant	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْوَلَدُ جَلَسَ فِي الْمَطْعَمِ. الْجَمْعُ: الأَوْلادُ جَلَسُوْا فِي الْمَطْعَمِ.‎
Singular: She stood near the door. Plural: They stood near the door	الْمُفْرَدُ: هِيَ وَقَفَتْ عِنْدَ الْبَابِ. الْجَمْعُ: هُنَّ وَقَفْنَ عِنْدَ الْبَابِ.‎
Singular: She wrote on the black board. Plural: They wrote on the black board	الْمُفْرَدُ: هِيَ كَتَبَتْ عَلَى السَّبُّورَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: هُنَّ كَتَبْنَ عَلَى السَّبُّورَةِ.‎
Singular: Tahir's daughter sat in the car. Plural: Tahir's daughters sat in the car	الْمُفْرَدُ: بِنْتُ طَاهِرٍ جَلَسَتْ فِي السَّيَّارَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: بَنَاتُ طَاهِرٍ جَلَسْنَ فِي السَّيَّارَةِ.‎
Singular: The lady teacher came out from the class. Plural: The lady teachers came out from the class.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْمُدَرِّسَةُ خَرَجَتْ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ. الْجَمْعُ: الْمُدَرِّسَاتُ خَرَجْنَ مِنْ الْفَصْلِ.‎
Singular: The student went to the hospital. Plural: The students went to the hospital.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الطَّالِبُ ذَهَبَ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى. الْجَمْعُ: الطُّلابُ ذَهَبُوا إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى.‎
Singular: The boy passed the exam. Plural: The boys passed the exam.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْوَلَدُ نَجَحَ فِي الامْتِحَانِ. الْجَمْعُ: الأَوْلادُ نَجَحُوا فِي الامْتِحَانِ.‎
Singular: The girl entered the house. Plural: The girls entered the house.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْبِنْتُ دَخَلَتِ الْبَيْتَ. الْجَمْعُ: الْبَنَاتُ دَخَلْنَ الْبَيْتَ.‎
Singular: The young lady opened the door. Plural: The young ladies opened the door.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْفَتاةُ فَتَحَتِ الْبابَ. الْجَمْعُ: الْفَتَيَاتُ فَتَحْنَ الْبَابَ.‎
Singular: The teacher visted the class. Plural: The teachers visited the class.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الْمُعَلِّمُ زَارَ الْفَصْلَ. الْجَمْعُ: الْمُعَلِّمُونَ زَارُوا الْفَصْلَ.‎
Singular: The son studied the book. Plural: The sons studied the book.	الْمُفْرَدُ: الابْنُ دَرَسَ الْكِتَابَ. الْجَمْعُ: الأَبْنَاءُ دَرَسُوا الْكِتَابَ.‎
Singular: The lady student wrote on the notebook. Plural: The lady students wrote on the notebook	الْمُفْرَدُ: الطَّالِبَةُ كَتَبَتْ عَلَى الْكَرَّاسَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: الطَّالِبَاتُ كَتَبْنَ عَلَى الْكُرَّاسَةِ.‎
Singular: You sat on the carpet. Plural: You sat on the carpetץ	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ جَلَسْتِ عَلَى السَّجَّادَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ جَلَسْتُنَّ عَلَى السَّجَّادَةِ.‎
Singular: You entered the class. Plural: You entered the classroom.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ دَخَلْتِ الْفَصْلَ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ دَخَلْتُنَّ الْفَصْلَ.‎
Singular: You went to the doctor. Plural: You went to the doctor.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ إِلَى الطَّبِيبِ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ إِلَى الطَّبِيبِ.‎
Singular: You failed the exam. Plural: You failed the exam.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ رَسَبْتِ فِي الامْتِحَانِ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ رَسَبْتُنَّ فِي الامْتِحَانِ.‎
Singular: You left the university. Plural: You left the university.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ خَرَجْتِ مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ خَرَجْتُنَّ مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ.‎
Singular: You read the lesson. Plural: You read the lesson.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ قَرَأْتِ الدَّرْسَ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ قَرَأْتُنَّ الدَّرْسَ.‎
Singular: You wrote the story. Plural: You wrote the story.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ كَتَبْتِ الْقِصَّةَ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ كَتَبْتُنَّ الْقِصَّةَ.‎
Singular: You opened the window. Plural: You opened the window.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ فَتَحْتِ النَّافِذَةَ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ فَتَحْتُنَّ النَّافِذَةَ.‎
Singular: You went from school. Plural: You went from school.	الْمُفْرَدُ: أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: أَنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.‎
Singular: She left the room. Plural: You left the room.	الْمُفْرَدُ: خَرَجْتِ مِنَ الْغُرْفَةِ. الْجَمْعُ: خَرَجْتُنَّ مِنَ الْغُرْفَةِ.‎
Singular: Girl, you sat on a chair. Plural: Girls, you sat on a chair.	الْمُفْرَدُ: يَا بِنْتُ، جَلَسْتِ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ. الْجَمْعُ: يَا بَنَاتُ، جَلَسْتُنَّ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.‎

Numbers

The Arabic Number Phrase and the rules for using numbers 1 to 10 for masculine nouns.

Numbers 1 to 10 for masculine nouns

Masculine			Feminine
English	Arabic		English	Arabic
	Phrase	Number		Phrase	Number
One book	كِتَابٌ وَاحِدٌ‎	وَاحِدٌ‎ אֶחָד‎	One bag	حَقِيبَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎	وَاحِدَةٌ‎ אַחַת‎
Two pens	قَلَمَانِ اثْنَانِ‎	اثْنَانِ‎ שְׁנַיִם‎	Two notebooks	كُرَّاسَتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎	اِثْنَتَانِ‎ שְׁתַּיִם‎
Three books	ثَلاثَةُ كُتُبٍ‎	ثَلاثَةٌ‎ שְׁלֹושָׁה‎	Three gardens	ثَلاثُ حَدِيقَاتٍ‎	ثَلاثُ‎ שָׁלֹושׁ‎
Four men	أَرْبَعَةُ رِجَالٍ‎	أَرْبَعَةٌ‎ אַרְבָּעָה‎	Four magazines	أَرْبَعُ مَجَلاتٍ‎	أَرْبَعُ‎ אַרְבַּע‎
Five boys	خَمْسَةُ أَوْلادٍ‎	خَمْسَةٌ‎ חֲמִשָּׁה‎	Five nurses	خَمْسُ مُمَرِّضَاتٍ‎	خَمْسُ‎ חָמֵשׁ‎
Six Riyals	سِتَّةُ رِيَالاتٍ‎	سِتَّةٌ‎ שִׁשָּׁה‎	Six teachers	سِتُّ مُدَرِّسَاتٍ‎	سِتُّ‎ שֵׁשׁ‎
Seven doors	سَبْعَةُ أَبْوَابٍ‎	سَبْعَةٌ‎ שִׁבְעָה‎	Seven schools	سَبْعُ مَدْرَسَاتٍ‎	سَبْعُ‎ שֶׁבַע‎
Eight stories	ثَمَانِيَةُ قِصَصٍ‎	ثَمَانِيَةٌ‎ שְׁמוֹנָה‎	Eight buses	ثَمَانِي حَافِلاتٍ‎	ثَمَانِي‎ שְׁמוֹנֶה‎
Nine brothers	تِسْعَةُ إِخْوَةٍ‎	تِسْعَةٌ‎ תִּשְׁעָה‎	Nine girls	تِسْعُ بَنَاتٍ‎	تِسْعُ‎ תֵּשַׁע‎
Ten Quroosh	عَشَرَةُ قُرُوْشٍ‎	عَشَرَةٌ‎ עֲשָׂרָה‎	Ten rooms	عَشْرُ غُرَفٍ‎	عَشْرُ‎ עֶשֶׂר‎

In the Arabic language, the phrase comprising a number and a noun following that number is called a Number Phrase i.e., الْمُرَكَّبُ الْعَدَدِيُّ‎. The number is called /ξadad/ i.e., الْعَدَدُ‎ and the noun describing that number is called /Maξdūd/ الْمَعْدُودُ‎ i.e., the noun that the number is counting. The number phrase for numbers "one" and "two" is treated as an Adjective Phrase. The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they come before the number, and the number following them is treated as an adjective of these nouns, i.e..: the number will take the same case as the noun and it will take the same gender.

Let us take some examples:

• One book will be translated as كِتَابٌ وَاحِدٌ‎.
• Two chairs will be translated as كُرْسِيَّانِ اثْنَانِ‎.

Numbers 1 to 10 for masculine nouns

In Arabic, the numbers (one and two) i.e., وَاحِدٌ - اثْنَانِ‎ are usually omitted. The single or the dual form is considered to be sufficient to suggest the meaning of (one and two) i.e., to say one glass it is sufficient to say كَأْسٌ‎ and to say two glasses it is sufficient to say كَأْسَانِ‎. However, the words وَاحِدٌ - اِثْنَانِ‎ are used for emphasis.

It must be noted that the dual form of أَخٌ‎. is أَخَوَانِ‎. and not أَخَانِ‎.

Simple sentence examples:

English	Arabic
One pen is on my desk	عَلَى مَكْتَبِي قَلَمٌ وَاحِدٌ.‎
I saw one soldier	رَأَيْتُ جُنْدِيًّا وَاحِدًا.‎
Ali sat on one chair	جَلَسَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ وَاحِدٍ.‎
These are two brothers	هَذَانِ أَخَوَانِ اثْنَانِ.‎
I visited two friends	زُرْتُ صَدِيْقَيْنِ اثْنَيْنِ.‎
I stood on two desks	وَقَفْتُ عَلَى مَكْتَبَيْنِ اثْنَيْنِ.‎
One pen	قَلَمٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two pens	قَلَمَانِ اثْنَان‎
One book	كِتَابٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two books	كِتَابَانِ اثْنَانِ‎
One merchant	تَاجِرٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two merchants	تَاجِرَانِ اثْنَانِ‎
One brother	أَخٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two brothers	أَخَوَانِ اثْنَانِ‎
One student	طَالِبٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two students	طَالِبَانِ اثْنَانِ‎
One son	ابْنٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Two sons	ابْنَانِ اثْنَانِ‎

In Arabic language, for the numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied:

• The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after the number, e.g., ثَلاثَةُ أَقْلامٍ‎ meaning "Three pens".
• The noun should always be in plural form whereas the number always appears in singular form, e.g., أَرْبَعَةُ جُنُودٍ‎ meaning "Four soldiers".
• The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the noun will always take the genitive case, i.e., سَبْعَةُ أيَّامٍ‎ meaning "Seven days".
• The noun is mostly indefinite, and hence it takes the double /kasrah/ e.g., عَشَرَةُ أَشْخَاصٍ‎ meaning "Ten people".
• The number of the masculine noun is always feminine with a /tā’ marbūŧah/ as the last letter i.e., whenever there is a masculine noun, the number for that noun should always be in the feminine form e.g., خَمْسَةُ رِجَالٍ‎ meaning "5 men".

Simple examples:

English	Arabic
In the house, there are three boys.	فِي الْبَيْتِ ثَلاثَةُ أَوْلادٍ.‎
Ahmad sat with six teachers	جَلَسَ أَحْمَدُ مَعَ سِتَّةِ مُدَرِّسِينَ.‎
Wajid ate nine grapes	أَكَلَ وَاجِدٌ تِسْعَةَ أَعْنَابٍ.‎
Khalida visited eight countries	زَارَتْ خَالِدَةُ ثَمَانِيَةَ بِلاَدٍ.‎
Nasir opened four doors	فَتَحَ نَاصِرٌ أَرْبَعَةَ أَبْوَابٍ.‎
In my bag there are five pens	فِي حَقِيبَتِي خَمْسَةُ أَقْلامٍ.‎
How many books do you have? I have five books	كَمْ كِتَابًا عِنْدَكَ؟ عِنْدِي خَمْسَةُ كُتُبٍ‎
How many uncles do you have? I have three uncles	كَمْ عَمًّا عِنْدَكَ؟ لِي ثَلاثَةُ أَعْمَامٍ‎
How many brothers do you have? I have four brothers	كَمْ أَخًا عِنْدَكَ؟ لِي أرْبَعَةُ إخْوَةٍ‎
How many lessons are in this book? There are nine lessons in this book	كَمْ دَرْسًا فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ؟ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ تِسْعَةُ دُرُوسٍ‎
How many sons do you have? I have two sons	كَمْ ابْنًا عِنْدَكَ؟ لِي ابْنَانِ‎
How many riyals are in your pocket? I have six riyals in my pocket	كَمْ رِيَالا فِي جَيْبِكَ؟ فِي جَيْبِي سِتَّةُ رِيَالاتٍ‎
How many passengers are on the bus? There are eight passengers on the bus	كَمْ رَاكِبًا فِي الْحَافِلَةِ؟ فِي الْحَافِلَةِ ثَمَانِيَةُ رُكَّابٍ‎
How many apples do you have? I have seven apples	كَمْ تُفَّاحَةً مَعَكَ؟ مَعِي سَبْعُ تُفَّاحَاتٍ‎
How many doors are in this house? In this house there are five doors.	كَمْ بَابًا فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ؟ فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ خَمْسَةُ أَبْوَابٍ‎
Five books	خَمْسَةُ كُتُبٍ‎
Ten pens	عَشَرَةُ أقْلامٍ‎
Three merchants	ثَلاثَةُ تُجَّارٍ‎
Two men	رَجُلانِ اثْنانِ‎
Six pens	سِتَّةُ أقْلامٍ‎
Nine riyals	تِسْعَةُ رِيَالاتٍ‎
One penny	قِرْشٌ وَاحِدٌ‎
Four brothers	أرْبَعَةُ إخْوَةٍ‎

Numbers 1 to 10 for feminine nouns

The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they come before the number and are treated as the adjective of that number i.e.:

• The noun will take the same case as the number.
• It will take the same gender.
• It will always be an indefinite noun.

For example:

• One note-book will be translated as كُرَّاسَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎.
• Two faculties will be translated as كُلِّيَّتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎.

Simple examples:

English	Arabic
One cow is in the field	فِي الْحَقْلِ بَقَرَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ.‎
I have two daughters	لِي بِنْتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ.‎
He read one book	قَرَأَ كِتَابًا وَاحِدًا.‎
She studied two stories	دَرَسَتْ قِصَّتَيْنِ اثْنَتَيْنِ.‎
The books are in one bag	الْكُتُبُ فِي حَقِيبَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ.‎
The boys are in two gardens	الْأَوْلادُ فِي حَدِيقَتَيْنِ اثْنَتَيْنِ.‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	كُلِّيَّةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	دَجَاجَتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	دَجَاجَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	مَكْتَبَتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	مَكْتَبَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	كُلِّيَّتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	طَبِيبَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	بِنْتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	بِنْتٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	أُخْتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	أُخْتٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxx	طَبِيبَتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ‎

In Arabic language, for the numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied, this is a revision with examples of feminine /ma'dood/:

• The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after the number, e.g.:

ثَلاثُ أَخَوَاتٍ‎ meaning "Three sisters"

• The noun should always be in plural form whereas the number always appears in singular form, e.g.:

أَرْبَعُ كَلِمَاتٍ‎ meaning "Four words.

The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the noun will always take the genitive case, e.g.:

سَبْعُ جَامِعَاتٍ‎ meaning "Seven universities".

The noun is always indefinite, and hence it takes the double /Kasrah/ and no /alif-laam/ e.g.:

عَشْرُ عَمَّاتٍ‎ meaning "Ten paternal aunts".

• The number of the feminine noun is always masculine .i.e., whenever there is a feminine noun, the number for that noun should always be in masculine form e.g.:

خَمْسُ نِسَاءٍ‎ meaning "Five women"

Simple examples:

English	Arabic
I have three note-books	عِنْدِي ثَلاثُ كرَّاسَاتٍ.‎
She went to five different lady doctors	ذَهَبَتْ إِلَى خَمْسِ طَبِيبَاتٍ مُخْتَلِفَاتٍ.‎
You sat with six friends	جَلَسْتِ مَعَ سِتِّ صَدِيقَاتٍ.‎
Hameeda visited eight cities	زَارَتْ حَمِيدَةُ ثَمَانِيَ مُدُنٍ.‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	لِمُحَمَّدٍ خَمْسَةُ أَبْنَاءَ وَسِتُّ بَنَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	لِي أرْبَعَةُ إخْوَةٍ وَثَلاثُ أَخَوَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	فِي الْمُسْتَشْفَى تِسْعُ طَبِيبَاتٍ وَسِتُّ مُمَرِّضَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	عِنْدِي عَشْرَةُ كُتُبٍ وَسَبْعُ مَجَلاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	لِهَذِهِ السَّيَّارَةِ أَرْبَعَةُ أَبْوَابٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	عِنْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ ثَمَانِيَةُ أَقْلامٍ وَمَسْطَرَتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	خَمْسُ أَخَوَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	عَشْرُ سَيَّارَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	ثَلاثُ طَالبَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	مَجَلَّتَانِ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	سِتُّ بَنَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	تِسْعُ سَاعَاتٍ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	قِصَّةٌ واحِدَةٌ‎
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	أرْبَعُ مُمَرِّضَاتٍ‎

Alif

In Arabic the letter /Alif/ is used in two different ways:

1. Hamza tul Qaŧξ (هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْعِ‎) written as أَ‎.
2. Hamza tul Waŝl (هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ‎) written as ٱ‎. This alif is not pronounced.

Hamza tul Qaŧξ (هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْعِ‎) examples:

English	Arabic
Where are you from	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟‎ מאיפה אתה?‎
I am Ahmad	أَنَا أَحْمَدُ.‎ אני אחמד.‎
Who are you	مَنْ أَنْتَ؟‎ מי אתה?‎

Hamza tul Waŝl (هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ‎) examples:

English	Arabic
And the girl's name is Aminah	وَٱسْمُ ٱلبِنْتِ آمِنَةُ.‎ ושם הבית אמינה.‎
He is the teacher's son	هُوَ ٱبْنُ ٱلْمُدَرِّسِ‎ הוא בן המורה‎

Vocative particle

A word that is used for calling someone is called the vocative particle and is called حَرْفُ النِّدَاءِ‎ or simply النِّدَاءُ‎. In Arabic language, the word used is يَا‎. The word following the vocative particle is called الْمُنَادَىٰ‎, and it takes (mostly) the nominative case. However it takes only one /đammah/ whether it is definite or indefinite e.g., in order to call a boy it is يَا وَلَدُ‎ and not يَا وَلَدٌ‎.

The rule for the use of the vocative particle (the word used to call someone like O):

English	Arabic
O Muhammad	يَا مُحَمَّدُ‎
O Allah	يَا اللهُ‎
O teacher	يَا أُسْتَاذُ‎

Here are some examples:

English	Arabic
A Shaikh: O shaikh	يَاسِرٌ: يَا يَاسِرُ‎
A doctor: O doctor	دُكْتُورٌ: يَا دُكْتُورُ‎
Ali: O Ali	عَلِيٌّ: يَا عَلِيُّ‎
Allah: O Allah	اللهُ: يَا اللهُ‎
Abbas: O Abbas	عَبَّاسٌ: يَا عَبَّاسُ‎
A Man: O Man	رَجُلٌ: يَا رَجُلُ‎
Ammar: O Ammar	عَمَّارٌ: يَا عَمَّارُ‎
Khalid: O Khalid	خَالِدٌ: يَا خَالِدُ‎