User:Alexj447/sandbox
>To be added under the illicit drug culture section in the article, after video game section
Amphetamines in higher education
[edit]Non-medical use of amphetamines in higher education has seen a large increase in popularity. College and other higher education students have reported using amphetamines for many different purposes such as partying, self medication, and the most common being studying.[1][2] Since amphetamine use is illicit in most countries, the off-label use by students is often regarded as a major issue by most governmental regulation institutions. Particularly, in the United States where amphetamine misuse is classified by the FDA as a Schedule II drug, which could potentially carry a felony offense if the user is found guilty of possession.[3] Amphetamines classification as a Schedule II means it has a "high potential for abuse and could lead to psychological or physical dependence."[4] Despite this, the trend in the use of amphetamines both prescription and non-prescription has increased steadily over time.[5]
Most research around this subject highlights the dangers of using amphetamines without medical supervision, yet these users report a sense of improved cognition, elevated mood, and better academic performance when under the influence of these types of drugs.[1] Although, studies have shown repeatedly that there is no significant academic improvement that using amphetamines provides; that is in terms of cognitive enhancement and test performance.[6][2][1] Thus, researchers are still unclear where the perceived academic improvement that amphetamine medications provides arises from[6]. However, emotional activation, specifically those related to and raise user confidence is believed to be the cause of this sense of enhanced performance.[1] Still, universities across the world are trying to understand the motivation behind students use and educate them about potential misconceptions.[6]
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- ^ a b c d Weyandt, Lisa; White, Tara; Gudmundsdottir, Bergljot; Nitenson, Adam; Rathkey, Emma; De Leon, Kelvin; Bjorn, Stephanie (2018-06-27). "Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students". Pharmacy. 6 (3): 58. doi:10.3390/pharmacy6030058. ISSN 2226-4787.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Arria, Amelia M. Geisner, Irene M. Cimini, M. Dolores. Kilmer, Jason R. Caldeira, Kimberly M. Barrall, Angelica L. Vincent, Kathryn B. Fossos-Wong, Nicole. Yeh, Jih-Cheng. Rhew, Isaac. Lee, Christine M. Subramaniam, Geetha A. Liu, David. Larimer, Mary E. Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. OCLC 1016923169.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- ^ "Controlled Substance Schedules". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- ^ Piper, Brian J.; Ogden, Christy L.; Simoyan, Olapeju M.; Chung, Daniel Y.; Caggiano, James F.; Nichols, Stephanie D.; McCall, Kenneth L. (2018-11-28). "Trends in use of prescription stimulants in the United States and Territories, 2006 to 2016". PLOS ONE. 13 (11): e0206100. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206100. ISSN 1932-6203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Ross, Melissa M.; Arria, Amelia M.; Brown, Jessica P.; Mullins, C. Daniel; Schiffman, Jason; Simoni-Wastila, Linda; dosReis, Susan (2018-04). "College students' perceived benefit-to-risk tradeoffs for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: Implications for intervention designs". Addictive Behaviors. 79: 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.002. ISSN 0306-4603.
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