User:Aravind V R/Environment

Outline

• Index of environmental articles
• List of international environmental agreements

Protocols

1. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
   1. protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology
   2. products from new technologies must be based on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits
   3. the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003
2. Kyoto Protocol
   1. aimed at fighting global warming
   2. 37 countries ("Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments.
3. Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
   1. to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
   2. opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989
   3. It has been ratified by 197 states and the European Union
   4. The phasing-out of the less active HCFCs only began in 1996 and will go on until a complete phasing-out is achieved by 2030. The time of freezing and reducing HCFCs is then known as 2013/2015.
4. Nagoya Protocol
   1. The Nagoya Protocol on Access & Benefit Sharing (ABS) was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and will enter into force 90 days after the fiftieth instrument of ratification.
   2. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
5. Geneva Protocol
   1. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
   2. It was signed at Geneva on June 17, 1925 and entered into force on February 8, 1928.
   3. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons and biological weapons, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties did cover these aspects—the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention.

Groupings

1. to be edited