User:BRADSHAW/sandbox

<detailed Edits can be found in history>

Rearranged Human Influence on extinction category into

Extinction of the Megafauna in the Late-Pleistocene

and

Anthropogenic impact on Climate during the Holocene

contra<<<In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels at a global scale and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. Employing chemical proxies from Antarctic ice cores, researchers have estimated the fluctuations of carbon dioxide (C02) and methane gases (CH4) in the earth’s atmosphere for the late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs.^[28] Based on these studies, general argumentation of when the peak of the Anthropocene occurred pertains to the timeframe within the previous two centuries; typically beginning with the Industrial Revolution, when greenhouse gas levels were recorded by contemporary methods at its highest.^[29][30] However, scientists that are employing a variance of archaeological and paleoecological data argue that the processes contributing to substantial human modification of the environment spanned many thousands of years ago on a global scale and thus, not originating as early as the Industrial Revolution. Gaining popularity on his uncommon hypothesis, Palaeoclimatologist William Ruddiman in 2003, stipulated that in the early Holocene 11,000 years ago, atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane levels has fluctuated at a different pattern than the Pleistocene epoch before it.^[28][31][32] He argued that the patterns of the significant decline of CO2 levels during the last ice age of the Pleistocene inversely correlates to the Holocene where there has been dramatic increases of CO2 around 8000 years ago and CH4 levels 3000 years after that.^[32] The correlation between the downfall of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the uprising of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere are due to the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of land and irrigation.^[28][32]

Recent extinctions described are well-documented, but the nomenclature used varies.^[12] The term Anthropocene is a term that is used by few scientists, and some commentators may refer to the current and projected future extinctions as part of a longer Holocene extinction.^[12][33] The Holocene–Anthropocene boundary is contested, with some commentators asserting significant human influence on climate for much of what is normally regarded as the Holocene Epoch.^[34] Other commentators place the Holocene–Anthropocene boundary at the industrial revolution while also saying that "Formal adoption of this term in the near future will largely depend on its utility, particularly to earth scientists working on late Holocene successions."^[12]>>>

Added Climate and

Methodologies of the Holocene Climatic Optimum

<graph originally used may have conflicted with copyrighted issues with wiki so i removed it> other edits should make this section good now as it has a 0% confidence rating (violation unlikely) on copyvios. though I omitted "micro-structural and skeletal Sr/Ca studies of reefs and shoreline deposits which shows that, during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, sea level had risen by 3.4 meters, with present sea-level reaching at 7.3 ka BP and a sea-level highstand of at least 1.8 meters occurred at 7.0 ka." which was the only direct content utilized from http://marine.uq.edu.au/content/high-frequency-winter-cooling-and-reef-coral-mortality-during-holocene-climatic-optimum, I don't see the reason why a "possible" copy/pasting violation has been reported if properly cited. I removed and simplified it for the time being.

Methodologies of the Holocene Climatic Optimum

contr<<<<To undermine the present and future human-induced climatic changes, climatologists and paleontologists have correlated the increases of temperatures with the variations of solar radiation exposed to certain latitudinal earth bands during the Early Holocene.^[40] Thus, believing that the Holocene warming was solar in origin where only certain parts of the world experienced warmer climates during seasons such as summer. Moreover, scientists have conducted numerous oceanic sediments that can be dated back to the Holocene Climatic Optimum, and discovered the drastic increases of sea levels and their highstands.^[41] This evidence of drastic increases of sea levels indicates that the deterioration of ice cores is crucial to understanding how the Holocene Climatic Optimum began and how it played as one of the major transgressions during the Holocene Maximum.^[42] As speculations of how the Holocene Climatic Optimum began remain scientifically unclear, impurities in gaseous chemistry inside these ice cores have been conducted as a valuable method of obtaining evidence of abnormal temperature fluctuations.^[43] The Nile River showed to have a greater volume and much larger in the Holocene than what it is today and the Sahara to have been more fertile.^[5][38] This in turn, led many anthropogenic hypotheses to claim that more tropical territories encouraged agricultural processes.^[28] However, there is greater complexity as to whether such changes are heavily caused by anthropogenic effects on climate because of limited methods that can directly identify an empirical correlation.>>>>

i have added new content to the new category Agriculture:

I believe there was a conflict of using the source http://www.ceacb.ucl.ac.uk/cultureclub/files/CC2005-12-06-Boyd_Richerson_Bettinger_2001_Agriculture.pdf as permission may have been required, thus, such citations should be be omitted. however, in regards to content, there are no direct or practical correlations of the content i have added being "copy pasted" from this source as evident in the tool DupDet provided. Also having a 3.8 confidence on copyvio. other than using restricted citations and copyrighted graphs, i believe all violations are clear now.

**please send detail what could be futher improved as i'm still adjusting to wiki's standards. thank you**

Agriculture

contr<<<<Human civilization flourished in accordance to the efficiency and intensification of prevailing subsistence systems.^[35] Local communities that acquire more subsistence strategies increased in number to combat competitive pressures of land utilization.^[28][35] Therefore, the Holocene developed competition on the basis of agriculture. The growth of agriculture has then introduced newer means of climate change and pollution.

As this graph generally demonstrates, climatic stability of higher temperatures during the last 10,000 years of the Holocene has led some hypotheses to connect the uprising of temperatures to the beginning of human agriculture. Therefore, implicating the responsibility of global warming onto the rise of greenhouse gases onto humans as an early means of sustinence.

Recent investigations about hunter-gatherer landscape burning has a major implication for the current debate about the timing of the Anthropocene and the role that humans may have played in the production of greenhouse gases prior to the Industrial Revolution.^[35]Studies on early hunter-gatherers raises questions about the current use of population size or density as a proxy for the amount of land clearance and anthropogenic burning that took place in preindustrial times.^[31][36] Scientists have questioned the correlation between population size and early territorial alterations.^[36] Ruddiman and Ellis' research paper in 2009 makes the case that early farmers involved in systems of agriculture used more land per capita than growers more later in the Holocene, who intensified their labor to produce more food per unit of area; arguing that agricultural involvement in rice production implemented thousands of years ago by relatively small populations have created significant environmental impacts through large-scale deforestation.^[35]

While a number of human-derived factors are recognized as potentially contributing to rising atmospheric concentrations of CH4 and C02, including the increase of livestock production and wet rice cultivation, the primary anthropogenic driver on a global scale is believed to be deforestation and land clearance practices associated with agriculture.^{[29][32][35]>>>}