User:Bakheer/Peg Flandreau West

Audre Lorde

Peg Flandreau West (, 19?? – June, 1991) was a Caribbean-American writer, poet and activist.

Life

L was born in N and Linda , who settled in Harlem.

Born Audrey Geraldine Lorde, she chose to drop the "y" from her name while still a child, explaining in Zami: A New Spelling of My Name,

After graduating from Hunter College High School and experiencing the grief of her best friend Genevieve "Gennie" Thompson's death, Lorde immediately left her parents' home and became estranged from her family. She attended Hunter College from 1954 to 1959 and graduated with a bachelor's degree. While studying library science, Lorde supported herself by working various odd jobs such as factory worker, ghost writer, social worker, X-ray technician, medical clerk, and arts and crafts supervisor, moving out of Harlem to Stamford, Connecticut and beginning to explore her lesbian sexuality.

In 1954, she spent a pivotal year as a student at the National University of Mexico, a period she described as a time of affirmation and renewal: she confirmed her identity on personal and artistic levels as a lesbian and poet. On her return to New York, Lorde went to college, worked as a librarian, continued writing and became an active participant in the gay culture of Greenwich Village.

Lorde furthered her education at Columbia University, earning a master's degree in library science in 1961. She also worked during this time as a librarian at Mount Vernon Public Library and married attorney Edwin Rollins: they divorced in 1970 after having two children, Elizabeth and Jonathan. In 1966, Lorde became head librarian at Town School Library in New York City, where she remained until 1968.

In 1968 Lorde was writer-in-residence at Tougaloo College in Mississippi, where she met Frances Clayton, a white professor of psychology, who was to be her romantic partner until 1989. From 1977 to 1978 Lorde had a brief affair with the sculptor and painter Mildred Thompson. The two met in Nigeria in 1977 at the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Their affair ran its course during the time that Thompson lived in Washington, D.C. and was teaching at Howard University. Lorde died on November 17, 1992, in St. Croix, after a 14-year struggle with breast cancer. She was 58.

In her own words, Lorde was a "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet". In an African naming ceremony before her death, she took the name Gamba Adisa, which means "Warrior: She Who Makes Her Meaning Known".

Career

Lorde's poetry was published very regularly during the 1960s — in Langston Hughes's 1962 New Negro Poets, USA; in several foreign anthologies; and in black literary magazines. During this time, she was politically active in civil rights, anti-war, and feminist movements. Her first volume of poetry, The First Cities (1968), was published by the Poet's Press and edited by Diane di Prima, a former classmate and friend from Hunter College High School. Dudley Randall, a poet and critic, asserted in his review of the book that Lorde "does not wave a black flag, but her blackness is there, implicit, in the bone."

Her second volume, Cables to Rage (1970), which was mainly written during her tenure at Tougaloo College in Mississippi, addresses themes of love, betrayal, childbirth and the complexities of raising children. It is particularly noteworthy for the poem "Martha", in which Lorde poetically confirms her homosexuality: "[W]e shall love each other here if ever at all."

Later books continued her political aims in lesbian and gay rights, and feminism. In 1980, together with Barbara Smith and Cherríe Moraga, she co-founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, the first U.S. publisher for women of colour. Lorde was State Poet of New York from 1991 to 1992.

Lorde and Contemporary Feminist Thought

Lorde set out actively to challenge white women, confronting issues of racism in feminist thought. She maintained that a great deal of the scholarship of white feminists served to augment the oppression of black women, a conviction that led to angry confrontation, most notably in the scathing open letter addressed to radical lesbian feminist Mary Daly, the reply to which she denied having received.

This fervent disagreement with notable white feminists furthered her persona as an "outsider": "in the institutional milieu of black feminist and black lesbian feminist scholars [...] and within the context of conferences sponsored by white feminist academics, Lorde stood out as an angry, accusatory, isolated black feminist lesbian voice".

The criticism did not go only one way: many white feminists were angered by Lorde's brand of feminism. In her essay "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", Lorde attacked the underlying racism of feminism, describing it as unrecognized dependence on the patriarchy. She argued that, by denying difference in the category of women, feminists merely passed on old systems of oppression and that, in so doing, they were preventing any real, lasting change. Her argument aligned white feminists with white male slave-masters, describing both as "agents of oppression".

In so doing, she enraged a great many white feminists, who saw her essay as an attempt to privilege her identities as black and lesbian, and assume a moral authority based on suffering. Suffering was a condition universal to women, they claimed, and to accuse feminists of racism would cause divisiveness rather than heal it. In response, Lorde wrote "what you hear in my voice is fury, not suffering. Anger, not moral authority."

Poetry

A contemporary of such feminist poets as Sylvia Plath and Adrienne Rich, Lorde also expressed her womanhood through poetry. While Plath and Rich were changing the traditions of both prose and poetry to render them more autobiographical, Lorde combined genres at will: to her, life was essential to text, so everything became autobiographical.

Lorde focused her discussion of difference not only on differences between groups of women but between conflicting differences within the individual. "I am defined as other in every group I'm part of", she declared. "The outsider, both strength and weakness. Yet without community there is certainly no liberation, no future, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between me and my oppression". She described herself both as a part of a "continuum of women" and a "concert of voices" within herself.

Lorde's conception of her many layers of selfhood is replicated in the multi-genres of her work. Critic Carmen Birkle writes, "Her multicultural self is thus reflected in a multicultural text, in multi-genres, in which the individual cultures are no longer separate and autonomous entities but melt into a larger whole without losing their individual importance". Her refusal to be placed in a particular category, whether social or literary, was characteristic of her determination to come across as an individual rather than a stereotype.

Bibliography

Birkle, Carme. Women's Stories of the Looking Glass. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1996. . ISBN 3770530837. OCLC 34821525. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

De Veaux, Alexis. Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde. New York and London: W.W. Norton, 2004. . ISBN 0393019543. OCLC 53315369. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Hall, Joan Wylie. Conversations with Audre Lorde. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. . ISBN 1578066425. OCLC 55762793. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Byrd, Rudolph, Cole, Johnnetta Betsch, and Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde New York: Oxford University University Press, 2009. . ISBN 9780195341485. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Keating, AnaLouise (1996). Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Audre Lorde. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. ISBN 1566394198. OCLC 33160820.

Lorde, Audre:

• The First Cities (1968) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• Cables to Rage (1970) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• From a Land Where Other People Live (1973) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• New York Head Shop and Museum (1974) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• Coal (1976). ISBN 0393044394. OCLC 2074270. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Between Our Selves (1976) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• The Black Unicorn (1978, W.W. Norton Publishing). ISBN 0393045080. OCLC 3966122. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• The Cancer Journals (1980 Aunt Lute Books) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)

Kore Press

• Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power (1981 Kore Books)Uses of the Erotic. ISBN 9781888553109.
• Chosen Poems: Old and New (1982). ISBN 0393015769. OCLC 8114592. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1983, The Crossing Press {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help))
• Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (1984, 2007, The Crossing Press) {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)
• Our Dead Behind Us (1986). ISBN 039302329X. OCLC 13870929. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• A Burst of Light (1988, Firebrand Books). ISBN 0932379400. OCLC 17619136. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance (1993). ISBN 0393311708. OCLC 38009170. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

See also

• Audre Lorde Project, an organization in New York City named for Audre Lorde
• Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, an organization in New York City named for Michael Callen and Audre Lorde.
• Teaching for social justice
• Black Feminism
• Womanism
• Critical social theory
• Literary criticism
• African-American literature

External links

• Works by or about Bakheer/Peg Flandreau West in libraries (WorldCat catalog)