User:BlueBonnet/Chaosdemo

"Tilted Plane photography" is a method of employing focus as a descriptive, narrative or symbolic artistic device. It is distinct from the more simple uses of selective focus which highlight or emphasise a single point in an image, create an atmospheric 'bokeh', or 'miniaturise' an obliquely-viewed landscape. In this method the photographer is consciously using the cameras focus on several points in the image at once while 'de-focussing' others, thus making conceptual connections between these points.

Limits to focus in imaging

Focus is relative to spatial depth. Selective focus in photography is usually associated with depth of field. A pinhole camera generates an image of "infinite" relative focus, from a point just outside the opening out to infinity. Lenses focus more selectively so that, for objects near the lens, the distance between lens and sensor or film is increased and is shortened for more distant objects, to a point beyond which all is in focus. In telephoto lenses this point may be tens or hundreds of metres from the camera. Wide-angle lenses distinguish differences in depth only up to a short distance, beyond which all is in focus.

Depth of field

Depth of field is an effect that permits bringing objects into focus at varying distances from the camera, and at varying depth between each other, into the field of view. A short lens, as explained above, will bring objects into focus that are relatively close to the camera, but it will also keep focus at greater distances between objects. A telephoto lens will be very shallow in its gamut of focus.

Reducing the size of the aperture of the lens deepens the focus. At a pinhole size this will increase in effect, though the closer the objects are to the camera the shorter the distance between focussed objects.

Plane of focus

Because focus depends on the distance between lens and sensor or film plane, focus in the space in front of the camera is not on a point but rather on a plane parallel to the film plane. Spherical construction of lenses, rather than the ideal parabolic construction which is rarely and expensively achieved, means that this plane is slightly concave—more so in simple single element lenses and increasingly so with lenses of lower quality construction and materials. Compound lenses are built to correct this "spherical aberration" or "curvature of field".

Example of tilted plane focus: here used for emphasis and metaphor, a 135mm lens at full aperture (f3.5) with extreme tilt and swing permits focus on specific details such as the foreground sack and slaughtered dingoes through to a section of the tennis-court mesh and the distant tethered goat. Shot on a 1963 Linhof Technica III 4"x 5" drop-bed field camera. ("Accomplices" 1994 James McArdle).

Tilting the plane of focus

Varying the distance between the lens and film or sensor plane across the field of view permits focussing on objects at varying distances from the camera. One means of achieving this is to tilt the lens and/or the film or sensor plane in relation to each other. This will mean that individual points in the picture plane will focus on different points of depth, with the effect that the plane of sharp focus will tilt.

This technique is based on the principle of Scheimpflug which, traditionally, is combined with a small aperture to increase the gamut of focus into the scene beyond that achievable by depth-of-field alone. Usually no out-of-focus artifacts are desired in the image resulting from Scheimpflug adjustments. Here the converse is true, with the lens at full aperture the photographer selects significant points of depth in the scene on which to focus and to throw other points out-of-focus. This increases the contrast between the sharp and blurred areas and the selected application of focus and blur remains apparent to the viewer.

Tilted plane focus on smaller formats

A view camera permits full, incrementally calibrated control over this technique, though it is possible to achieve with other cameras and formats. It is possible to achieve similar effects on a 35mm camera or digital single-lens reflex(DSLR) camera. The lens (preferably a long lens of around 80mm) of a manual single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is set to infinity and shutter speed is set for the correct exposure at the widest aperture. Then the lens is removed and held against the lens mount opening and tilted. It is possible to see the titled plane effect through the viewfinder, despite the fact that the lens is separated from the body there is little flare or fogging and this can be avoided through the positioning of a foam rubber 'donut' between lens and camera body. Using a lens made for a medium-format camera will provide wider coverage, and therefore more scope for titling the lens still further off-axis, with a capacity to focus closer and less likelihood of flare and light leaks—as the back of the lens will in most cases be larger than the lens mount.

A commercial option is the Lensbaby, although it does not permit the same degree of manipulation of the lens to off-axis positions or tilts required for the technique. A better, but more expensive option, is to use tilt/shift lenses such as the Canon 24mm TS-E)

Advocates of the technique

"Prayer and Praise" Julia Margaret Cameron, British, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 1865. Albumen print 11 1/16 x 8 15/16 in. Note that the camera in this instance is tilted down toward the scene from a point above the subjects' heads. It is this angle which has forced the plane of focus obliquely into the scene, and direction of the adult models by the photographer would be necessary to ensure focus where it is placed precisely on their eyes

Julia Margaret Cameron was a strong advocate of the use of selective focus. For example in "Prayer and Praise", produced in 1865, there is a deliberate placement of focus at more than three points: on the face and parts of the body of the foreground child; the faces of mother and father; while a second child's face is thrown radically out of focus.

References

Bibliography

• Robin Gower (1991) Professional Photography, Australia, October, p. 15
• Greg Neville (1990) 'A World of Fragments and Isolated Parts', The Age Melbourne, 9 August 1990, p. 14
• Glenda Thompson (1990) 'The Bulletin/Mumm Cordon Rouge Champagne Photographic Awards', The Bulletin, Sydney, 6 November, p. 94-98