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Women Impressionist Section - (after "Content and Composition" section)

Women Impressionists[edit]

Impressionists, in varying degrees, were looking for ways to depict visual experience and contemporary subjects. [1] Women Impressionists were interested in these same ideals but had many social and career limitations compared to male Impressionists. In particular, they were excluded from the imagery of the bourgeois social sphere of the boulevard, cafe, and dance hall.[2] As well as imagery, women were excluded from the formative discussions that resulted in meetings in those places; that was where male Impressionists were able to form and share ideas about Impressionism.[2] In the academic realm, women were believed to be incapable of handling complex subjects which led teachers to restrict what they taught female students.[3] It was also considered unladylike to excel in art since women's true talents were then believed to center on homemaking and mothering.[3]

Yet several women were able to find success during their lifetime, even though their careers were affected by personal circumstances -- Bracquemond, for example, had a husband who was resentful of her work which caused her to give up painting.[4] The four most well known, namely, Mary Cassatt, Eva Gonzalès, Marie Bracquemond, and Berthe Morisot, are, and were, often referred to as the 'Women Impressionists'. To varying degrees they participated in the series of eight Impressionist exhibitions that took place in Paris from 1874 to 1886: Cassatt and Morisot participated in about half of the exhibitions, Bracquemond took part in three and Gonzalès did not participate.[4]

These four were called 'women Impressionists" by the critics of the time, lumped together without regard to their personal styles, techniques, or subject matter.[5] Critics viewing their works at the exhibitions often attempted to acknowledge the women artist's talents but circumvented them within a limited notion of femininity.[6] Arguing for the suitability of Impressionist technique to women's manner of perception, Parisian critic S.C. de Soissons wrote:

One can understand that women have no originality of thought, and that literature and music have no feminine character; but surely women know how to observe, and what they see is quite different from that which men see, and the art which they put in their gestures, in their toilet, in the decoration of their environment is sufficient to give is the idea of an instinctive, of a peculiar genius which resides in each one of them. [7]

While Impressionism legitimized the domestic social life as subject matter, of which women had intimate knowledge, it also tended to limit them to that subject matter. Portrayals of often-identifiable sitters in domestic settings (which could offer commissions) were dominant in the exhibitions and accounted for the majority of submissions at shows.[8] The subjects of the paintings were often women interacting with their environment by either their gaze or movement. Cassatt, in particular, was aware of her placement of subjects: she kept her predominantly female figures from objectification and cliche; when they are not reading, they converse, sew, drink tea, and when they are inactive, they seem lost in thought.[9]

Mary Cassatt, Young Girl at a Window. 1885, oil on canvas.
Eva Gonzalès, Une Loge aux Italiens or, Box at the Italian Opera. Ca. 1874, oil on canvas.

The women Impressionists, like their male counterparts, were striving for "truth," for new ways of seeing and new painting techniques; each artist had a painting style unique to them.[10] Women Impressionists (particularly Morisot and Cassatt) were conscious of the balance of power between women and objects in their paintings - the bourgeois women depicted are not defined by decorative objects, but instead, interact with and dominate the things with which they live.[11] There are many similarities in their depictions of women who seem both at ease and subtly confined.[12] Gonzalès' Box at the Italian Opera depicts a woman staring into the distance, at ease in a social sphere but confined by the box and the man standing next to her. Cassatt's painting Young Girl at a Window is brighter in color but remains constrained by the canvas edge as she looks out the window.

Despite their success in their ability to have a career (see List of women Impressionists) and Impressionism's demise attributed to its allegedly feminine characteristics (its sensuality, dependence on sensation, physicality, and fluidity) the four women artists (and other, lesser-known women Impressionists) were forgotten from art history, and were largely omitted from art historical textbooks covering Impressionist artists until Tamar Garb's Women Impressionists published in 1986.[13] For example:

Impressionism by Jean Leymarie, published in 1955:

  • The book included no information on any women Impressionists.

Women Impressionists by Tamar Garb, published in 1986:

  • The entire book focused on the four main Impressionists: Morisot, Cassatt, Gonzalès, and Bracquemond.

Impressionism: Selections from Five American Museums by Marc Saul Gerstein and the Carnegie Museum of Art, published in 1989:

  • Morisot mentioned on pages 20, 21, 40, 60, 140, 166 and 1 image included - In Garden at Maurecourt.
  • Cassatt mentioned on pages 18, 19, 21, 60, and 2 images included - At the Theater and Young Women Picking Fruit.
  • Gonzalès supposedly on page 60 but not mentioned by name (likely in “and others” quote on page 60 when the book talks about Realists other than Manet).
  • No Bracquemond.

Impressionism: Beneath the Surface by Paul Smith, published in 1995:

  • Morisot: 11, 14, 57, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, and 4 images.
  • Cassatt: 11, 14, 66, 68, 69 and 8 images.
  • Gonzalès: 1 image.
  • No Bracquemond.

Impressionism by Nathalia Brodskaïa, published in 2018:

  • 16 Morisot works are illustrated, including an entire chapter devoted to her, but there are no works by other women Impressionists.


To add to Eva Gonzalès page:[edit]

--Add right after first paragraph of work/later life---

According to Albert Boime, Maria Deraismes is said to have believed that, “Eva is no mere follower of the master [Manet]. She had marked out her own road to success, distinguishing herself from Manet with a singular difference: ‘To the degree that he loves ugly, his student loves the beautiful.’”[14]

However, in a 1940’s article about a work by her, a male critic described her merely as a pupil of Manet and added, “Truly feminine in her approach, Eva Gonzalès will be remembered as one of the most sensitive and charming artists of the 1870's.”[15]

Exhibitions - to include on individual pages[edit]

Selected Marie Bracquemond Exhibitions - Solo Date
Paris, Bernheim-Jeune. Catalogue des peintres, aquarelles, dessins et eaux-fortes de Marie Bracquemond. 1919
Group exhibitions
Mortagne, Musée de Mortagne. Félix Bracquemond, 1833-1914: gravures, dessins, ceramiques. Marie Bracquemond, 1841-1916. tableaux. Also shown Chartres. 1972, May-

September

Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Museum of Art. The Crisis of Impressionism, 1878-l882.

Included works by Marie and Felix Bracquemond, Cassatt, and Morisot, among many other Impressionist artists.

1979-80, November 2 - January 6
Selected Eva Gonzalès Solo Exhibitions Date
Paris, Salons de la Vie moderne. Catalogue des peintres et pastels de Eva Gonzalès. 1885, January
Paris, Galerie Berhneim-Jeune. Eva Gonzalès. 1914, March-April
Paris, Galerie Marcel Bernheim. Eva Gonzalès, retrospective. 1932. June 20 - July 9
Paris, Alfred Daber. Eva Gonzalès. 1950. March 10 - April 1
Principauté de Monaco. Sporting. Eva Gonzalès. 1952, March 3 - 23
Paris. Galerie Daber. Eva Gonzalès retrospective. 1959, May 28 - June 3
Also many group exhibitions, often with Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt
Selected Berthe Morisot Solo Exhibitions Date
Paris, Boussod, Valadon et Cie. Exposition de tableaux, pastels et dessins par Berthe Morisot. 1892, May 25 - June 18
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Berthe Morisot (Madame Eugene Manet): exposition de son œuvre. 1896, March 5-23
Paris: Galerie Durand-Ruel. Exposition Berthe Morisot. 1902, April 23 - May 10
Paris, Galerie E. Druet. Exposition Berthe Morisot. 1905, January-February
Paris, Galerie Manzi-Joyant. Exposition Berthe Morisot. 1912
Paris. Galerie Manzi-Joyant. Exposition Berthe Morisot. 1914, April
Paris, Galerie Bernheim-Jeune. Cent oeuvres de Berthe Morisot (1841-1895). 1919, November 7 - 22
Paris, Galerie Marcel Bernheim. Réunion d'oeuvres, par Berthe Morisot. 1922, June 20 - July 8
Chicago, Arts Club of Chicago. Exposition of Paintings by Berthe Morisot. 3 p. 1925, January 30 - March 10
London, Ernest Brown & Phillips, The Leicester Galleries. Berthe Morisot Exhibition 1930, March-April
New York, Wildenstein Galleries. Berthe Morisot Exhibition. 1936, November 24 - December 12
Paris, Musée de l'Orangerie. Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895. 1941, Summer
Paris, Galerie Weil. Berthe Morisot, retrospective. 1947
Copenhagen, NY Carlsberg Glyptotek. Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895: Mälningar: Olja och Akvarellsamt Teckningar. 1949, August 20 - October 23
Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Berthe Morisot: Drawings, Pastels, Watercolors. 1960, October 10 - December 10
Paris, Musée Jacquemart-Andre, lnstitut de France. Berthe Morisot. 1961
Paris, Galerie Hopkins-Thomas. Berthe Morisot. 1987-88, April - May 9
London, JPL Fine Arts. Berthe Morisot (1841-1895). 1990-91, November 7 - January 18
Paris, Galerie Hopkins Thomas. Berthe Morisot. 1993, October 15 - November 30
Lille, the Palais des Beaux-Arts, Berthe Morisot 2002, March 10 - June 9
Washington DC, National Museum of Women in the Arts, Berthe Morisot:  An Impressionist and Her Circle 2005, January 14 - May 8
Spain, Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Berthe Morisot: The Woman impressionist 2012, November 15 - February 12
Québec, The Musée National des Beaux-arts du Québec, Berthe Morisot: Woman Impressionist 2018, June 21 - September 23
Selected Cassatt Solo Exhibitions Date
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Exposition de tableaux, pastels, et gravures par Mlle Mary Cassatt. 1891, April
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Exposition de tableaux, pastels, et gravures par Mlle Mary Cassatt. 1893, November 27 - December 16
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exposition of Paintings Pastels, and Etchings by Miss Mary Cassatt. 1895, April 16 - 30
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exhibition of Paintings, Pastels and Drypoints by Mary Cassatt. 1898, February-March
Boston, St. Botolph Club. An Exhibition of Paintings,Pastels and Etchings by Miss Mary Cassatt. 1898, March 21 - April 8
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Mary Cassatt. 1903, November
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Paintings, Pastels, and Etchings by Mary Cassatt. 1906, December 12 - 31
Paris, Galerie Ambroise Vollard. Exposition des tableaux et pastels par Mary Cassatt 1907
Manchester, England, City of Manchester Art Gallery.Exposition des impressionnistes. 1907-08, December-January
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Tableaux et pastels par Mary Cassatt. 23 paintings, 22 pastels. 1908, November 3 - 28
Boston, St. Botolph Club. Pictures by Mary Cassatt. 1909, February 8 - 20
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Exposition de peintures de Mary Cassatt 1910, March
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Tableaux, pastels, dessins et pointes seches par Mary Cassatt. 1914, June 8 - 27
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exhibition of Water Colors and Drypoints by Mary Cassatt. 1915, April 5 - 20
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exhibition of Paintings by Mary Cassatt. 1917, April 21 - May 5
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exhibition of Paintings and Pastels by Mary Cassatt. 1920, November 15 - December 4
New York, Grolier Club. Etchings by Mary Cassatt. 1921, January 28 - February 26
New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Five Paintings, Four Pastels, and Etchings by Mary Cassatt. 1922, January - February
New York, Durand-Ruel Gallery. Exhibition of Paintings, Pastels, Drypoints, and Watercolors by Mary Cassatt. 1923, 28 April
Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art. Etchings, Drypoints, and Drawings by Mary Cassatt. 1923. October 31 - December 9
Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel. Exposition de tableaux et pastels par Mary Cassatt. 1924. March
Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, Department of Fine Arts. A Memorial Exhibition of the Work of Mary Cassatt. 1928, March 15 - April 15
Paris. Galerie A. M. Reitlinger. Dessins, pastels, Peintures, etudes par Mary Cassatt. 1931, May 19 - June 30
Haverford, Haverford College, The Union. The Mary Cassatt Exhibition Presented by the Haverford College Art Committee. 1939, May 13 - June 10
Baltimore. Museum of Art. Mary Cassatt: The Catalogue of a Comprehensive Exhibition of her Work. 1941-42, November 28 - January 11
Chicago, International Galleries. Mary Cassatt, 1844-1926: Retrospective Exhibition. 1965, November 20 - December 21
Beauvais, France. Musée départemental de l'Oise, Palais episcopal. Hommage a Mary Cassatt. 1965. June-July
Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. The Paintings of Mary Cassatt. 1966, February 1 - 26
New York, Museum of Graphic Art. The Graphic Art of Mary Cassatt. 1967-68
Tokyo. Isetan Museum of Art. The Art of Mary Cassatt (1811-1926). 1981, June 11 - July 7
Washington, D.C. Mary Cassatt: Graphic Art Traveling exhibition shown in six U.S. museums. 1981-1982
Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Mary Cassatt and Philadelphia. 1985, February 17 - April 14
Paris, Musée d'Orsay. Mary Cassatt. Catalogue by Martine Mauvieux. Paris: Reunion des Musées Nationaux, 1988. 1988, March 7 - June 5
Washington, DC., National Gallery of Art. Mary Cassatt, the Color Prints. 1989-90. June 18 - January 21
Chicago. R. S. Johnson Fine Art. Mary Cassatt: Retrospective Exhibition. 1997-98. Winter
Chicago, Art Institute. Mary Cassatt, Modern Woman. NY: 1998-99. October 10 - September 6
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mary Cassatt: Drawings and Prints in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1998-99. October 20 - January 24
Washington, National Gallery of Art, Mary Cassatt 1999, June 6 - September 6
New York, Adelson Galleries, From the Artist's Studio: Unknown Prints and Drawings by Mary Cassatt 2000, November 10 - December 22
Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Mary Cassatt and Edgar Degas 2003, February 12 - May 11
New York, Adelson Galleries, Art in a Mirror: The Counterproofs of Mary Cassatt 2004 - 05, November 1 - January 20
New York, Adelson Galleries, Nantucket Mary Cassatt: Works on Paper 2005, August
Giverny, Musée d'Art Americain, Mary Cassatt, Impressionist Printmaker   2005, April 1 - July 3
London, The National Gallery, Mary Cassatt: Prints 2006, February 22 - May 7
West Palm Beach, The Norton Museum of Art, Mary Cassatt: Pastels and Drawings 2006, August 19 - October 29
New York, Adelson Galleries, Mary Cassatt 2007, October 25 - November 24
New York, Adelson Galleries, Mary Cassatt: Prints and Drawings from the Collection of Ambroise Vollard       2008, April 25 - June 6
Washington DC, National Gallery of Art, Degas/Cassatt 2014, May 11 - October 5
Japan, Yokohama, Yokohama Museum of Art, Mary Cassatt Retrospective 2016
France, Paris, Jacquemart-André Museum, Mary Cassatt An American Impressionist in Paris 2018, March 9 - July 23

List of women Impressionists[edit]

The list of women Impressionists attempts to include women artists who were involved with the Impressionist movement or artists.

The four most well known women Impressionists - Morisot, Cassatt, Bracquemond, and Gonzalès - emerged as artists at a time when the art world, at least in terms of Paris, was increasingly becoming feminized. 609 works by women were shown in the 1900 Salon, as opposed to 66 by women in the 1800 Salon; women represented 20% of the artists shown in painting and graphic arts between 1818 and 1877, and close to 30% by the end of the 1890s.[16]

Source: Women Artists in Paris 1850-1900 [17]

  1. ^ Garb, Tamar (1986). Women impressionists. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. p. 9. ISBN 0847807576. OCLC 14368525.
  2. ^ a b Chadwick, Whitney (2012). Women, art, and society (Fifth edition ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 232. ISBN 9780500204054. OCLC 792747353. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ a b Garb, Tamar (1986). Women impressionists. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. p. 6. ISBN 0847807576. OCLC 14368525.
  4. ^ a b Laurence, Madeline; Kendall, Richard (2017). "Women Artists and Impressionism". Women artists in Paris, 1850-1900. New York, New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780300223934. OCLC 982652244.
  5. ^ Kang, Cindy (2018). Berthe Morisot: Woman Impressionist. New York, NY: Rizzoli Electra. p. 31. ISBN 9780847861316. OCLC 1027042476.
  6. ^ Garb, Tamar (1986). Women Impressionists. New York: Rizzoli International Publications,. p. 36. ISBN 0847807576. OCLC 14368525.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  7. ^ Adler, Kathleen (1990). Perspectives on Morisot (1st ed.). New York: Hudson Hills Press. p. 60. ISBN 1555950493. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  8. ^ Laurence, Madeline; Kendall, Richard (2017). "Women Artists and Impressionism". Women artists in Paris, 1850-1900. New York, New York: Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780300223934. OCLC 982652244.
  9. ^ Barter, Judith A. (1998). Mary Cassatt, Modern Woman (1st ed ed.). New York: Art Institute of Chicago in association with H.N. Abrams. p. 63. ISBN 0810940892. OCLC 38966030. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Pfeiffer, Ingrid (2008). "Impressionism Is Feminine: On the Reception of Morisot, Cassatt, Gonzalès, and Bracquemond". Women Impressionists. Frankfurt am Main: Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt. p. 22. ISBN 9783775720793. OCLC 183262558.
  11. ^ Barter, Judith A. (1998). Mary Cassatt, Modern Woman (1st ed ed.). New York: Art Institute of Chicago in association with H.N. Abrams. p. 65. ISBN 0810940892. OCLC 38966030. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Meyers, Jeffery (September 2008). "Longing and Constraint". Apollo. 168: 128 – via ProQuest LLC.
  13. ^ Adler, Kathleen (1990). Perspectives on Morisot. Edelstein, T. J., Mount Holyoke College. Art Museum. (1st ed ed.). New York: Hudson Hills Press. p. 57. ISBN 1555950493. OCLC 21764484. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ Boime, Albert (Autumn 1994 – Winter 1995). "Maria Deraismes and Eva Gonzalès: A Feminist Critique of "Une Loge aux Théâtre des Italiens"". Women's Art Journal. 2: 33–37 – via JSTOR.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  15. ^ ""Girl with Cherries" by Éva Gonzalès". Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago. 34: 73–75 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ Kang, Cindy (2018). Berthe Morisot: Woman Impressionist. New York, NY: Rizzoli Electra. p. 27. ISBN 9780847861316. OCLC 1027042476.
  17. ^ Laurence, Madeline (2017). Women Artists in Paris, 1850-1900. New York, New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 240–257. ISBN 9780300223934. OCLC 982652244.
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