User:Cattbrown86/sandbox

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Cordoba, Spain[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Islamic[edit]

Interior of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba.

Great Mosque of Cordoba[edit]

Main article: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

From 784- 786 AD, Abd al-Rahman I built the Mezquita, or Great Mosque, of Córdoba, in the Umayyad style of his native Syria with variations inspired by indigenous Roman and Christian Visigothic structures. Later caliphs extended the mosque with more domed bays, arches, intricate mosaics and a minaret, making it one of the four wonders of the medieval Islamic world. After the Christian reconquest of Andalucía, a cathedral was built in the heart of the mosque, however much of the original structure remains. It can be found in the Historic Centre of Córdoba, a recognized World Heritage Site. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Minaret of San Juan[edit]

Built in 930 AD, the mosque that this minaret adorned has been replaced by a church and the minaret re-purposed as a tower. Even so, it retains the characteristics of Islamic architecture in the region, including two ornamental arches. [3] [5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (1994). The legacy of Muslim Spain (2nd ed. ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 129–135. ISBN 9004099549. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Historic Centre of Cordoba". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b Michell, George (1978). Architecture of the Islamic world its history and social meaning ; with a complete survey of key monuments (2011 ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 212. ISBN 9780500278475.
  4. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009). The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  5. ^ "Minaret of San Juan". Tourism of Cordoba. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

Seville, Spain[edit]

Culture[edit]

Music[edit]

Flamenco[edit]

Main article: Flamenco

The Triana district in Seville is considered a birthplace of flamenco, where it found its beginning as an expression of the poor and marginalized. Seville’s Gypsy population, known as Flamencos, were instrumental in the development of the art form. While it began as and remains a representation of Andalusian culture, it has also become a national heritage symbol of Spain. [1] [2] [3] [4] There are more flamenco artists in Seville than anywhere else in the country, supporting an entire industry surrounding it and drawing in a significant amount of tourism for the city. [5]

Festivals[edit]

Bienal de Flamenco[edit]

Seville is home to the bi-annual flamenco festival La Bienal, which claims to be “the biggest flamenco event worldwide” and lasts for nearly a month. [6]

Velá de Santiago y Santa Ana[edit]

In the district of Triana, the Velá de Santiago y Santa Ana is held every July and includes sporting events, performances and cultural activities as the city honors St. James and St. Ana. [7]

Holy Week in Seville[edit]

Semana Santa is celebrated all over Spain and Latin America, but the celebration in Seville is large and well-known as a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest. Local brotherhoods, or “costaleros”, organize floats and processions throughout the week, reenacting the story of the Passion of Christ. There is traditional music and art incorporated into the processions, making Semana Santa an important source of both material and immaterial Sevillian cultural identity. [8] [9] [10] [11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ruiz, Ana (2007). Vibrant Andalusia : The spice of life in southern Spain. New York: Algora Publ. ISBN 0-87586-539-9.
  2. ^ Brown, Joshua (2014). "Flamenco capital: Tradition, revolution and renewal in Seville, Spain". UC Riverside. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  3. ^ Washabaugh, William (2012). Flamenco music and national identity in Spain. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781409434856.
  4. ^ Manuel, Peter. "Andalusian, Gypsy, and class identity in the contemporary flamenco complex". Ethnomusicology. 33 (1): 47. doi:10.2307/852169.
  5. ^ Aoyama, Yuko (March 2009). "Artists, tourists, and the state: Cultural tourism and the flamenco industry in Andalusia, Spain". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 33 (1): 80–104. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00846.x.
  6. ^ "la Bienal de Flamenco de Sevilla". www.labienal.com.
  7. ^ "La velá de Santiago y Santa Ana en Triana, Sevilla". Visitar Sevilla (in European Spanish).
  8. ^ Palma, María Luisa; Palma, Luis; Aguado, Luis Fernando (8 June 2012). "Determinants of cultural and popular celebration attendance: the case study of Seville Spring Fiestas". Journal of Cultural Economics. 37 (1): 87–107. doi:10.1007/s10824-012-9167-5.
  9. ^ "Holy Week in Seville". Tourism of Seville.
  10. ^ "Popular festivities in Seville, Spain: Easter Week in Sevilla in Spain". Spain Info US. 23 April 2007.
  11. ^ "Itinerario Oficial Semana Santa de Sevilla 2018". www.semana-santa.org (in European Spanish).

Riga, Latvia[edit]

Economy[edit]

Bank of Latvia headquarters in Riga

Following the economic downturn in 2008, Latvia has bounced back to be one of Europe’s ten fastest growing economies.[1] [2] As Latvia's capital, Riga is one of the key economic and financial centers of the Baltic States containing roughly half of all the jobs in the country and generating more than 50% of Latvia's GDP and exports.[54] According to the Central Statistics Bureau, 87% of the country’s share capital and 58% of its companies are found in Riga.[3] Inc. magazine compiles an annual list of the “fastest-growing private companies in Europe” and named Riga as home to 71 of these companies as of 2017.[4] After Latvia reclaimed its independence from the USSR, the prominence of the industrial sector in Riga was supplanted by the service, transport and construction sectors.[5] The service sector accounts for 45% of Riga’s enterprise, followed by trade at 21%, construction at 7% and manufacturing at 6%. The most growth has been seen in the educational sector, with additional strong growth in finance, insurance, energy and construction.[3]

Transport and Tourism[edit]

Riga Port container terminal

Riga’s geographical position in relation to Russia and the EU make it an ideal trade, transportation and storage hub.[6] Riga's port is one of the largest in the Baltic. It handled a record 34 million tons of cargo in 2011 [55] and has potential for future growth with new port developments on Krievu Sala.[56] In addition to the transportation of containers, commodities passing through the Freeport of Riga include chemicals, fertilizers, metals, oil, coal and wood.[7]

The Riga International Airport accommodates a large and growing share of cargo transportation as well as 1/3 of airline passengers coming and going from Latvia; it served 5.4 million passengers in 2016 and was named one of the top five airports in Europe for growth in July of 2017.[8] [9] Nearly half of all air passengers in the entire Baltic Region pass through Riga International Airport.[10] Tourism is also a large industry in Riga and despite a slowdown during the global economic recession, it grew 22% in 2011 alone.[57] This growth has continued throughout Latvia in 2017 with an increase in international visitors, out of which 71% chose Riga as their destination.[11]

Labor[edit]

The largest sources of employment in Riga are trade, transport and logistics and manufacturing.[12] As reported by the State Employment Agency, unemployment in Riga has fallen from 10% in 2012 to 4% in 2017.[13] Instead of being purely representative of growth, some of this drop may be accounted for by the large number of emigrants leaving Latvia.[14] A shortage of labor may become an issue in Riga, as the city has lost approximately a fifth of its population.[15] A declining fertility rate, low male life expectancy and population aging can also be expected to contribute to the labor shortage.[16]

Shadow Economy[edit]

Of significant concern in Latvia, as well as other Baltic countries, is the presence of the shadow economy. In Latvia, this primarily takes the form of under-reported business income and "cash in an envelope", particularly in the construction sector. The Stockholm School of Economics in Riga points to the capital city as being more heavily involved in the shadow economy than most of the country.[17] [18]

Prostitution is legal in Latvia, with Riga rated one of the top twenty places in the world for sex tourism.[19] However, this legal sex trade is linked to higher levels of illegal human trafficking, as well as the exploitation of those employed in the industry.[20] While some trafficking victims are brought into the country to work in prostitution, many more Latvians are taken to be exploited for sex or labor elsewhere in Europe.[21]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Central Intelligence Agency. "The world factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  2. ^ Myers, J. (18 February 2016). "Europe's 10 fastest growing economies". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b The Riga City Council City Development Department (2017). The Economic Profile of Riga 2017 (PDF). Riga, Latvia: Author.
  4. ^ Hwang, Y. L. (21 February 2017). "10 Cities with the fastest-growing companies in Europe". Inc.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  5. ^ Nawratek, K. (1 September 2012). "Urban landscape and the postsocialist city". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 14 (3). doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2044.
  6. ^ Gžibovska, N. (2013). "The role of transit in the economy of Latvia". Baltic Region. 2: 106–112. doi:10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-10.
  7. ^ Freeport of Riga. "Facts and figures". rop.lv. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  8. ^ BNN (20 September 2017). "Riga Airport becomes part of top 5 of Europe's rapidly growing airports". Baltic News Network. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  9. ^ International Trade Administration. "Latvia - travel and tourism". www.export.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  10. ^ Investment and Development Agency of Latvia. "Transport and storage". www.liaa.gov.lv. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  11. ^ Latvian Public Broadcasting (21 November 2017). "Tourist numbers continue rapid growth". LSM.lv. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  12. ^ Investment and Development Agency of Latvia. "Riga". www.liaa.gov.lv. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  13. ^ The Riga City Council City Development Department (2018). Riga facts and figures 2018 (PDF). Riga, Latvia: Author.
  14. ^ OECD (2013). Coping with emigration in Baltic and East European countries. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  15. ^ Stryjakiewicz, T.; Burdack, J.; Egedy, T. (June 2010). "Institutional change and new development paths: Budapest, Leipzig, Poznan, Riga and Sofia". In Musterd, Sako; Murie, Alan (eds.). Making competitive cities. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-19415-0.
  16. ^ Woolfson, C. (November 2009). "Labour migration, neoliberalism and ethno-politics in the new Europe: The Latvian case". Antipode. 41 (5): 952–982. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00703.x.
  17. ^ Sedlenieks, K. (2003). "Cash in an envelope: Corruption and tax avoidance as an economic strategy in contemporary Riga". In Arnstberg, K.; Borén, T. (eds.). Everyday economy in Russia, Poland and Latvia. Huddinge: Södertörns Högskola. ISBN 91-89315-32-4.
  18. ^ Stockholm School of Economics in Riga. "Shadow economy index for the Baltic countries". www.sseriga.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  19. ^ Dean, L.A. (2011). "Advocacy coalitions in East European sex tourism: The case of Latvia". Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Order No. 1503580. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Cho, S.; Dreher, A.; Neumayer, E. (January 2013). "Does legalized prostitution increase human trafficking?". World Development. 41: 67–82. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.023.
  21. ^ U.S. Department of State (June 2017). Trafficking in persons report June 2017 (PDF). Author.
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