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Celebrations18! FINAL DRAFT

WHAT Celebrations18! EDITED

When reading this article, I noticed that there was not much information on the relationship between Monkeypox virus and Small Pox virus, so I added information about that subject to the article. There was also a lack of information of the future of Monkeypox virus, so I added some statistics about recent numbers of Monkeypox and a little bit on how to slow the spread. From my first draft to my final draft, there were several grammatical errors that I corrected. For instance, I took out the “And,” in the second sentence and I added a another citation in the “Future of Monkeypox” section. I also linked some of the key topics to other existing articles.

Monkeypox Vs. Small Pox Viruses

Scientists have concluded that monkeypox evolved from smallpox. A study was done that revealed the monkeypox genome to match the genome of orthopoxviruses. In comparison to the handful of select poxviruses, monkeypox was closely related to smallpox. [1] Due to the similarities between smallpox and monkeypox, the same vaccinia virus used to treat smallpox can be used to treat monkeypox. [2] The vaccinia vaccine eradicated small pox in 1979. One study showed that approximately 20% of individuals with monkeypox were vaccinated with smallpox. Those 20% were the ones who had a milder case of monkeypox. However, the supply of vaccinia virus vaccines is too low to supply worldwide vaccines. [3]

Future of Monkeypox

With the rise of monkeypox in 2021-2022, scientists and the WHO are concerned about the increase of monkeypox cases in the US and other parts of the world creating a worldwide outbreak. Since May 2022, there have been approximately 370 cases in the United Kingdom, 45 cases in the United States, and 115 cases in Canada. [4] According to a study, the majority of cases were amongst homosexual men. However, no matter how monkeypox are spread, it is encouraged that people still practice proper hygiene: hand washing, bathing, covering coughs, cleaning surfaces, etc. [4]

Celebrations18! FIRST DRAFT

Vaccination

Scientists have concluded that monkeypox evolved from smallpox. A study was done that revealed the monkeypox genome to match the genome of orthopoxviruses. And, in comparison to handful of select poxviruses, monkeypox was closely related to smallpox. [1] Due to the similarities between smallpox and monkeypox, the same vaccinia virus used to treat smallpox can be used to treat monkeypox. [2] The vaccinia vaccine eradicated small pox in 1979. One study showed that approximately 20% of individuals with monkeypox were vaccinated with smallpox. And those 20% were the ones who had a milder case of monkeypox. However, the supply of vaccinia virus vaccines is too low to supply worldwide vaccines. [3]

Future of Monkeypox

With the rise of monkeypox in 2021-2022, scientists and the WHO are concerned about the increase of monkeypox cases in the US and other parts of the world creating a worldwide outbreak. Since May 2022, there have been approximately 370 cases in the United Kingdom, 45 cases in the United States, and 115 cases in Canada. According to a study, the majority of cases were amongst homosexual men. However, no matter how monkeypox are spread, it is encouraged that people still practice proper hygiene: hand washing, bathing, covering coughs, cleaning surfaces, etc. [4]

Vaccination[edit]

The modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine is the most up-to-date vaccine for pox viruses, including the Monkeypox virus. This shot is administered in two rounds four weeks apart and is clinically proven to be safer by stimulating antibody production and not creating skin lesions or risking disseminated spread like older pox vaccines.[5]

Immune System Interaction[edit]

Pox viruses have protein mechanisms that evade hosts' innate and adaptive immune systems. Even when infected human fibroblast cells have been observed to show cytopathic changes, gene expression of the host cell remains unchanged. Even interferon mechanisms by human fibroblast cells weren't activated enough to slow the virus.[6] One example of one of these mechanisms includes the Monkeypox virus expressing gene BR-209, which is essentially an interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibitor that prevents interaction with the receptor. Interleukin is a cytokine that creates inflammation upon infection. [7] Another example is the expression and secretion of viral complement control protein (CCP), also known as MOPICE, in the Monkeypox virus. Complement proteins evade immune responses that would typically result in virus neutralization, opsonization, viral particle lysis, or phagocytosis. [8]

Landon's rough vs final draft[edit]

All information under "Vaccination" and "Immune System Interaction" was moved to the article as is. Note that the rough draft did NOT have linked sources to key words (hence why there are only minor differences between the rough draft and the final draft as shown above).

Monkeypox Vs. Small Pox Viruses[edit]

Scientists have concluded that monkeypox evolved from smallpox. A study was done that revealed the monkeypox genome to match the genome of orthopoxviruses. In comparison to the handful of select poxviruses, monkeypox was closely related to smallpox. [9] Due to the similarities between smallpox and monkeypox, the same vaccinia virus used to treat smallpox can be used to treat monkeypox. [10] The vaccinia vaccine eradicated small pox in 1979. One study showed that approximately 20% of individuals with monkeypox were vaccinated with smallpox. Those 20% were the ones who had a milder case of monkeypox. However, the supply of vaccinia virus vaccines is too low to supply worldwide vaccines. [11]

Future of Monkeypox[edit]

With the rise of monkeypox in 2021-2022, scientists and the WHO are concerned about the increase of monkeypox cases in the US and other parts of the world creating a worldwide outbreak. Since May 2022, there have been approximately 370 cases in the United Kingdom, 45 cases in the United States, and 115 cases in Canada. According to a study, the majority of cases were amongst homosexual men. However, no matter how monkeypox are spread, it is encouraged that people still practice proper hygiene: hand washing, bathing, covering coughs, cleaning surfaces, etc. [4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Shchelkunov, S.N.; Totmenin, A.V.; Safronov, P.F.; Mikheev, M.V.; Gutorov, V.V.; Ryazankina, O.I.; Petrov, N.A.; Babkin, I.V.; Uvarova, E.A.; Sandakhchiev, L.S.; Sisler, J.R.; Esposito, J.J.; Damon, I.K.; Jahrling, P.B.; Moss, B. (2002-06). "Analysis of the Monkeypox Virus Genome". Virology. 297 (2): 172–194. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1446. PMC 9534300. PMID 12083817. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  2. ^ a b Lostroh, Phoebe (2019-05-06). Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses (1 ed.). Garland Science. doi:10.1201/9780429021725. ISBN 978-0-429-02172-5.
  3. ^ a b Kukreja, Sandhaya; Ochani, Sidhant; Kalwar, Asifa; Lohana, Sapna; Ullah, Kaleem (2022-09). "Re-administration of SmallPox vaccine against MonkeyPox among general population; after more 30 Years of vaccine cessation by WHO". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 81: 104519. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104519. PMC 9486753. PMID 36147105. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Kumar, Narendra; Acharya, Arpan; Gendelman, Howard E.; Byrareddy, Siddappa N. (2022-07). "The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus". Journal of Autoimmunity. 131: 102855. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102855. PMC 9534147. PMID 35760647. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ Moore, Marlyn J.; Rathish, Balram; Zahra, Farah (2022), "Monkeypox", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 34662033, retrieved 2022-10-14
  6. ^ Rubins, Kathleen H.; Hensley, Lisa E.; Relman, David A.; Brown, Patrick O. (2011-01-18). "Stunned Silence: Gene Expression Programs in Human Cells Infected with Monkeypox or Vaccinia Virus". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e15615. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015615. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3022624. PMID 21267444.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Weaver, Jessica R.; Isaacs, Stuart N. (Oct 2008). "Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins". Immunological reviews. 225: 96–113. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x. ISSN 0105-2896. PMC 2567051. PMID 18837778.
  8. ^ Hudson, Paul N.; Self, Joshua; Weiss, Sonja; Braden, Zachary; Xiao, Yuhong; Girgis, Natasha M.; Emerson, Ginny; Hughes, Christine; Sammons, Scott A.; Isaacs, Stuart N.; Damon, Inger K.; Olson, Victoria A. (2012). "Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in monkeypox pathogenicity". PloS One. 7 (4): e35086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035086. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3322148. PMID 22496894.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Shchelkunov, S.N.; Totmenin, A.V.; Safronov, P.F.; Mikheev, M.V.; Gutorov, V.V.; Ryazankina, O.I.; Petrov, N.A.; Babkin, I.V.; Uvarova, E.A.; Sandakhchiev, L.S.; Sisler, J.R.; Esposito, J.J.; Damon, I.K.; Jahrling, P.B.; Moss, B. (2002-06). "Analysis of the Monkeypox Virus Genome". Virology. 297 (2): 172–194. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1446. PMC 9534300. PMID 12083817. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ Lostroh, Phoebe (2019-05-06). Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses (1 ed.). Garland Science. doi:10.1201/9780429021725. ISBN 978-0-429-02172-5.
  11. ^ Kukreja, Sandhaya; Ochani, Sidhant; Kalwar, Asifa; Lohana, Sapna; Ullah, Kaleem (2022-09). "Re-administration of SmallPox vaccine against MonkeyPox among general population; after more 30 Years of vaccine cessation by WHO". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 81: 104519. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104519. PMC 9486753. PMID 36147105. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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