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Ecology

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White-bellied spider monkeys are important long-distance seed dispersal agents for many fruit-bearing species.[1] They are a dominant disperser for Oenocarpus bataua , a species of palm. [2] A. belzebuth often occupies a large territory and will utilize multiple nesting trees throughout their territory. [2] Seeds of preferred species are often dispersed below sleeping trees.[2]

They live in social groups that operate using fission-fusion dynamics.[3] These groups are characterized by fragmenting into subgroups that travel, feed and sleep together.[3] These groups display great fluidity and will often change composition, sometimes changing several times each day.[3] The composition of these groups can be influenced by the reproductive status of females.[4] Females are usually more solitary than males, but females with dependent offspring are more likely to join a large group than those without dependent offspring.[4] Females will also usually remain in small core ranges within their home territories with their offspring while males will utilize more of their home range.[5] These subgroups are brought together with long distance vocalizations. [3] These long distance vocalizations can be up to a kilometer away.[3]

Reproduction

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White-bellied spider monkeys are believed to achieve sexual maturity at between 4 and 5 years of age and will usually produce a single offspring although females giving birth to twins has been reported. [1][6] Their gestation period is between 226 and 232 days long.[1] Males have been observed engaging in infanticide.[7] All victims of observed infanticide were from the same social group as their attackers and all were young males.[7]

Feeding

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The diet of White-bellied spider monkeys is 83% mature fruits and they are important to the seed dispersal of many fruit-bearing species.[1] They carry a relatively high number of intact seeds in their guts and intake relatively large amounts of fruit pulp when compared to some other monkey species within their range. [8] They also are likely to return to previous food sources and spend relatively little time foraging.[8] A. belzebuth is a generalist frugivore that doesn't specialize in a particular fruit type but do appear to prefer fruits with high lipid content, high sugar content, or fruits produced by trees with high fruit productivity.[9] They will also feed on other plant parts such as leaves, flowers, and bulbs, and will very rarely consume small insects.[1] A. belzebuth has also been observed engaging in geophagy.[10]

References

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[11]

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Ateles belzebuth (Long-haired Spider Monkey, White-bellied Spider Monkey, White-fronted Spider Monkey)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Karubian, Jordan; Ottewell, Kym; Link, Andres; Fiore, Anthony Di. "Genetic consequences of seed dispersal to sleeping trees by white-bellied spider monkeys". Acta Oecologica. 68: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2015.07.005.
  3. ^ a b c d e Spehar, Stephanie N.; Fiore, Anthony Di (2013-04-07). "Loud calls as a mechanism of social coordination in a fission–fusion taxon, the white-bellied spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 67 (6): 947–961. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1520-y. ISSN 0340-5443.
  4. ^ a b Shimooka, Yukiko (2003-02-19). "Seasonal variation in association patterns of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) at La Macarena, Colombia". Primates. 44 (2): 83–90. doi:10.1007/s10329-002-0028-2. ISSN 0032-8332.
  5. ^ Spehar, Stephanie N.; Link, Andres; Di Fiore, Anthony (2010-02-01). "Male and female range use in a group of white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador". American Journal of Primatology. 72 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1002/ajp.20763. ISSN 1098-2345.
  6. ^ a b Link, Andres; Palma, Ana Cristina; Velez, Adriana; Luna, Ana Gabriela de (2005-11-19). "Costs of twins in free-ranging white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia". Primates. 47 (2): 131–139. doi:10.1007/s10329-005-0163-7. ISSN 0032-8332.
  7. ^ a b c Alvarez, Sara; Di Fiore, Anthony (2015). "Male-directed infanticide in spider monkeys (Ateles spp.)". Primates. 56 (2).
  8. ^ a b Dew, J. Lawrence. "Foraging, Food Choice, and Food Processing by Sympatric Ripe-Fruit Specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (5): 1107–1135. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-6461-5. ISSN 0164-0291.
  9. ^ a b "Fruit Preferences of Ateles belzebuth in Tinigua Park, Northwestern Amazoni...: Omnisearch". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  10. ^ a b Blake, John G.; Guerra, Jaime; Mosquera, Diego; Torres, Rene; Loiselle, Bette A.; Romo, David (2010-05-04). "Use of Mineral Licks by White-Bellied Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) and Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Eastern Ecuador". International Journal of Primatology. 31 (3): 471–483. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9407-5. ISSN 0164-0291.
  11. ^ Dew, J. Lawrence. "Foraging, Food Choice, and Food Processing by Sympatric Ripe-Fruit Specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (5): 1107–1135. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-6461-5. ISSN 0164-0291.
  12. ^ Shimooka, Yukiko. "Sexual Differences in Ranging of Ateles belzebuth belzebuth at La Macarena, Colombia". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (2): 385–406. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-2930-0. ISSN 0164-0291.
  13. ^ Spehar, Stephanie N.; Fiore, Anthony Di (2013-04-07). "Loud calls as a mechanism of social coordination in a fission–fusion taxon, the white-bellied spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 67 (6): 947–961. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1520-y. ISSN 0340-5443.
  14. ^ "Effects of Predation Risk on the Grouping Patterns of White-Bellied Spider ...: Omnisearch". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2016-10-24.