User:DaniTobon/Gastrulation

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Gastrulation in vitro

There have been a number of attempts to understand the processes of gastrulation using in vitro techniques in parallel and complementary to studies in embryos, usually though the use of 2D and 3D cell (Embryonic organoids) culture techniques using Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These are associated with number of clear advantages in using tissue-culture based protocols, some of which include reducing the cost of associated in vivo work (thereby reducing, replacing and refining the use of animals in experiments; the 3Rs), being able to accurately apply agonists/antagonists in spatially and temporally specific manner which may be technically difficult to perform during Gastrulation. However, it is important to relate the observations in culture to the processes occurring in the embryo for context.

To illustrate this, the guided differentiation of mouse ESCs has resulted in generating primitive streak-like cells that display many of the characteristics of epiblast cells that traverse through the primitive streak (e.g. transient brachyury up regulation and the cellular changes associated with an epithelial to mesenchymal transition), and human ESCs cultured on micro patterns, treated with BMP4, can generate spatial differentiation pattern similar to the arrangement of the germ layers in the human embryo. Finally, using 3D embryoid body- and organoid-based techniques, small aggregates of mouse ESCs (Embryonic Organoids, or Gastruloids) are able to show a number of processes of early mammalian embryo development such as symmetry-breaking, polarisation of gene expression, gastrulation-like movements, axial elongation and the generation of all three embryonic axes (anteroposterior, dorsoventral and left-right axes).

In vitro fertilization occurs in a laboratory. The process of in vitro fertilization is when mature eggs are removed from the ovaries and are placed in a cultured medium where they are fertilized by sperm. In the culture the embryo will form. 14 days after fertilization the primitive streak forms. The formation of the primitive streak has been known to some countries as “human individuality." This means that the embryo is now a being itself, it is its own entity. The countries that believe this have created a 14-day rule in which it is illegal to study or experiment on a human embryo after the 14-day period in vitro. Research has been conducted on the first 14 days of an embryo, but no known studies have been done after the 14 days. With the rule in place, mice embryos are used understand the development after 14 days; however, there are differences in the development between mice and humans.

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Bibliography

• Sheng, Guojeng; Martinez Arias, Alfonso; Sutherland, Ann. (Dec 2 2021). "The primitive streak and cellular principles of building an amniote body through gastrulation". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Talks about the primitive streak and gastrulation. Covers a wide range of information that can help wiki article.
• Ghimire, Sabitri; Mantziou, Veronika; Moris, Naomi; Martinez Arias, Alfonso. (June 2021). "Human gastrulation: The embryo and its models". Developmental Biology
  • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Gives information about the human embryo, specifically the time period of gastrulation.
• Suzuki, Sohei; Omori, Ikuko; Kuraishi, Ritsu; Kaneko, Hiroyuki. (Sep 04 2021). "Cell sorting and germ layer formation in reconstructed starfish embryos". Developmental, Growth, and Differentiation.
  • This is a peer-view scientific article. Talks about starfish development and their embryos. Can provide some information on the germ cell development of inverts and the differential adhesion hypothesis.