User:David Tornheim/Argument from authority introduction
This is an alternative introduction to Argument from authority.
See also User_talk:Endercase/Argument_from_authority_introduction
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An argument from authority is a logical argument which asserts the likely truth of a specific truth claim[1] , because it comes from an expert in the subject matter. A common misuse of this form of argument occurs when the "expert" is an expert in the wrong field (e.g. a professional baseball player claiming that a particular breakfast cereal is healthy.)
The more precise definition of argument from authority is a defeasible argument and a statistical syllogism taking the particular structure:
- X is an expert on subject Y,
- X says A about something covered under Y,
- A is very likely true as it is in the expert's field.[2]
The argument can lead to an informal fallacy when misused.[3]
- A valid argument is one in which a recognized authority on the relevant subject is appealed to by citing a statement by that authority. This is a form of inductive reasoning in that the conclusion is not logically certain, but highly likely.[4]
- Examples include following the treatments prescribed by a medical doctor, or citing a respected author to establish claims of fact in a written work. [4]
- An invalid argument by which the authority appealed to is compromised in some way; such as not being familiar with the subject or giving views that are unsupported by scientific rigor, also known as controversial claims. [4]
- For example, citing a popular astrophysicist for claims about molecular biology, or citing a long-retired scientist for claims about a current debate. This fails in that the first proposition is untrue.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a truth claim in logic is called a "proposition" as per http://www.dictionary.com/browse/proposition definition 7. (Editor commentary: Wikipedia's Our proposition article leaves much to be desired.)
- ^ Walton, Douglas Informal Logic (2008) Cambridge University Press
- ^ Gensler, Harry J. The A to Z of Logic (2010) Lanham, MD Scarecrow Press
- ^ a b c d Salmon, Merrilee Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking (2012) Cengage Learning