User:Donald Trung/Japanese mon (currency)

Original draft

[[Image:Kaneitsuho.jpg|right|thumb|upright|''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' ([[:ja:寛永通宝|寛永通宝]]) coins. The top ones were each worth 4 ''mon'', the middle and bottom ones were worth 1 ''mon'' each.]] [[File:Kaei period Edasen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|''Bunkyū ēhō'' ([[:ja:文久永宝|文久永宝]]). Branched ("Edasen" 枝銭) Mon coins of the [[Bunkyū]] period. This shows the foundry technique to make the coins: the coins would then be clipped and filed to obtain the final round shape.]] The {{nihongo|'''mon'''|{{linktext|文}}|}} was the [[currency]] of [[Japan]] from the [[Muromachi period]] in 1336, until the early [[Meiji period]] in 1870. It co-circulated with the new sen until 1891. The [[Kanji]] for ''mon'' is {{Lang|ja|文}} and the character for currency was widely used in the [[Chinese cultural sphere|Chinese-character cultural sphere]], e.g. [[Chinese wen]], [[Korean mun]]. Throughout Japanese history, there were [[Japanese currency|many different styles of currency]] of many shapes, styles, designs, sizes and materials, including gold, silver, bronze, etc. Coins denominated in mon were cast in copper or iron and circulated alongside silver and gold ingots denominated in ''shu'', ''bu'' and ''[[ryō]]'', with 4000 mon = 16 shu = 4 bu = 1 ryo. In 1869, due to depreciation against gold, the new fixing officially was set for 1 ryo/yen = equal to 10.000 mon. The [[Japanese yen|yen]] started to replace the old duodecimal denominations in 1870: in 3rd quarter of 1870, the first new coins appeared, namely 5, 10, 50 sen silver and 2, 5, 10, 20 Yen. Smaller sen coins did not appear before spring, 1873.<ref>These 1870 coins were produced outside Japan, as no coinage facilities suitable for mass production existed then. Only after modern coin production equipment had been imported, the mass production of small coinage could begin.</ref> So the mon coins (1, 4, 100, 250 mon etc.) remained a necessity for ordinary peoples commodities and were allowed to circulate until 1891.12.31. Only from Jan. 1, 1954 onward the mon became invalid: postwar inflation had removed sen, mon etc. denominations smaller than 1 Yen. Due to the missing small coinage, the Japanese posts e.g. issued their first stamps (Meiji 4.3.1/1871.4.20) in mon and fixed postal rates in mon until April, 1872 (Meiji 5.2.28).<ref>e.g. Yabuuchi, Development History of Japanese Posts, Tokyo 2000 (日本郵便発達史。薮内義彦。東京)</ref> During the co-existence of the mon with the sen between 1870 and 1891, the metal content of the old currency became important. Official exchange for coins from 1871.6.27: 4 copper mon = 2 rin, 1 bronze mon = 1 rin (1 rin = 1/10th of a sen). So while not all mon were valued equally, their metal kind counted after the transition to decimal sen: bronze was valued more highly than copper. The first physical rin denomination was introduced 1873 with the [[1 rin coin]] (with the [[5 rin coin]] introduced in 1916), as until that time the rin had existed only as an accounting unit (10 rin = 1 sen). The most current coin, the ''[[Tempō Tsūhō]]'' ([[:jp:天保通寶|天保通寶]], a coin with a face value of 100 mon) was valued at only 8 rin (0.8 sen) in that sen period.<ref>Bank of Japan (BOJ) surveillance office, ed: Illustrated Japanese Currency. Vols. 1-11, Tokyo 1972-1976. (日本銀行調査局,ed.: 図録日本の貨幣. 昭和47-51。東京) Vols. 1-3: vol. 1, Beginnings – old period – middle ages [原始・古代・中世], 1972); vol. 2, The establishment of modern currency system [近世幣制の成立], 1973); vol. 3, Development of modern currency system [近世幣制の展開], 1974.</ref> == History == === Toraisen, Shichūsen, and Bitasen === {{See also|Japanese currency}} [[File:Eirakutsuho-gin.jpg|thumb|right|Eirakutsuho-gin|An ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' (永樂通寳) coin, one of the most commonly circulating coins of the era before the Edo period.]] [[File:Nobunaga flag.png|thumb|right|Nobunaga flag|The flag (''[[Nobori]]'') of [[Oda Nobunaga]] displaying Chinese ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' coins.]] Though the production of copper, silver, and gold coins had already started in the eight century, they weren’t often used as a medium for exchange until later when the Japanese started importing Chinese coins which replaced the Japanese [[barter]] economy. As internal trade grew due to agricultural and handicraft developments, the people started preferring coinage over barter leading to a growth of demand in copper coins.<ref>Sakurai Eiji, “Chûsei no kahei shinyô”, in Ryûtsû keizaishi, ed. Sakurai Eiji and Nakanishi Satoru (Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppansha, 2002), 45. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> The Southern Song dynasty prohibited the export of [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|its coinage]] in 1179 due to its problem with the outflow of currency, but shiploads of Chinese coins would still enter Japan annually through [[Ningbo]].<ref>Richard von Glahn, Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000-1700 ([[University of California Press]], 1996), 54.</ref><ref>Kuroda Akinobu, “Higashiajia kaheishi no naka no chûsei-kôki Nihon”, in Kahei no chiikishi, ed., Suzuki Kimio (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 2007), 22-23. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> Since the trade had begun with Japan and they received payment in Chinese coins for Japanese goods they stopped minting their own copper coinage until 1587. The [[Ashikaga shogunate]] imported ''Kōbu Tsūhō'' (洪武通寶), ''[[Ming dynasty coinage#Yong Le Tong Bao|Eiraku Tsūhō]]'' (永樂通寳), and ''Katei Tsūhō'' (嘉靖通寶) from the [[Ming dynasty]] which they referred to as ''Toraisen'' or ''Minsen'' ({{linktext|明|銭}})<ref>小葉田淳　『日本の貨幣』　至文堂、1958年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref>初出は1485年に出された大内氏撰銭令。1500年から1542年にかけては室町幕府も同様の撰銭令を出している。(in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref> but the high demand for copper coinage inspired local and private production of copper coins (''Shichūsen'', {{linktext|私|鋳|銭}}). An example of a ''Shichūsen'' used for trade with China and the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] would be a ''Kōbu Tsūhō'' coin minted by [[Satsuma domain]] which included the character “{{linktext|治}}” (''Ji'') on the reverse indicating that it was minted at the town of [[Kajiki, Kagoshima|Kajiki]], while still using the inscription of the [[Hongwu Emperor]] of Ming China. Some ''Shichūsen'' would also bear the inscriptions of coins from the [[Song dynasty]], although it was not uncommon for many coins to simply be recasts and copies of older Song and Ming dynasty coins in the form of ''Iutsushi'' (鋳写し) or by simply adding extra carvings on existing circulating Chinese coins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/bitasen.html|title=Bitasen　鐚銭|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=26 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>Masuo Tomifusa, ''Honpou bitasen zufu'', (Anasendou 1982). (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> ''Bitasen'' ({{linktext|鐚|銭}}) refers to the Shichūsen coinage produced in Japan by the nobility and private local mints, and not by the imperial government or before the establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] which were often poor in appearance, as well as damaged and worn out imported [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese coins]].<ref>Aila de la Rive, © MoneyMuseum [http://moneymuseum.com/pdf/yesterday/05_Modern_Times/21%20Money%20in%20the%20Land%20of%20the%20Rising%20Sun%20I%20The%20Copper%20Coins%20of%20Ancient%20Japan.pdf Money in the Land of the Rising Sun I: The Copper Coins of Ancient Japan.] Retrieved: 26 June 2017.</ref><ref>Armstrong Economics [https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/research/monetary-history-of-the-world/by-country/japan/ Monetary History of Japan.] Retrieved: 30 June 2017.</ref> Over time these coins would become damaged and this made sellers more discriminative in what coins they would accept at face value often accepting them only at ¼ of a good quality coin, though Chinese coins would continue to circulate in Eastern Japan, the confusion and chaos caused by the ''Bitasen'' coinage caused rice to replace copper coinage in Western Japan.<ref>Kuroda Akinobu, Kahei shisutemu no sekaishi, 132-33; Sakurai Eiji, “Chûsei no kahei shinyô”, 52. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> From 1608 onwards it was illegal to pay with ''Bitasen'' and the shogunate opened more mines for the production of copper, silver, and gold coinages.<ref>Việt Touch [http://www.viettouch.com/numis/index.htm VIET NAM COINS & PAPER NOTES.] AUTHOR: Thuan D. Luc COLLECTION: Bao Tung Nguyen VIET NAM NUMISMATICS © Chi D. Nguyen Retrieved: 24 June 2017.</ref><ref>Dutch-Asiatic trade 1620-1740 by Kristof Glamann, Danish Science Press published.</ref><ref>Japanese coins in Southern Vietnam and the Dutch East India Company 1633-1638 by Dr. A van Aelst</ref><ref>History of the Yen by Hiroshi Shinjo, The Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University published.</ref><ref>Sources of Japanese Tradition by Ryusaku Tsunoda, WM Theodore de Bary, Donald Keene.</ref> Despite this however ''Bitasen'' continued to circulate within Japan, but from 1670 the ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' was completely prohibited from circulation and depreciated in favour of the ''Kan'ei Tsūhō''.<ref>[[Japan Mint]] - [http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/kids-eng/eng_kids_history.html History of Japanese coins.] Retrieved: 26 June 2017.</ref> === ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' === {{See also|Tokugawa coinage}} In 1636, the ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' ([[Kyūjitai]]: 寛永通寳 ; [[Shinjitai]]: 寛永通宝) coin was introduced by the government of the Tokugawa shogunate as a means to standardise copper coins and keep up a sufficient supply of copper coinage, being the first government minted copper coin in 700 years, despite this however they were introduced in the [[Mito domain]] 10 years prior during the 3rd year of the [[Kan'ei]] era. These coins would become the daily currency of the common people and would be used for small payments.<ref>Suzuki Kimio, Shutusdo senka no kenkyû, 202-21. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref><ref>Iwahashi Masaru, “Kahei no shinyô”, in Ryûtsû keizaishi, 436; Yasukuni Ryôichi, “Kahei no chiikisei to kinseiteki tôgô”, 263-64 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref><ref>Takayanagi Shinzô and Ishii Ryôzô, eds, Ofuregaki kanpo shûsei 3 (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1958), code no. 1855 (June 1670). (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) </ref> Due to the isolationist policies of the Tokugawa shogunate the outflow of currency halted and ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' coins would continue to stay the main coin circulating in Japan, ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' were minted for 230 years despite the fact that the Kan’ei era ended in 1643, ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' coins would continue to bear the ''Kan’ei'' legend, even when a new denomination of the coin was introduced a century later, though they weren’t all uniform as the shogunate outsourced the mintage to regional and local merchants who would cast them at varying weights and sizes, as well as occasionally having local [[mint mark]]s, by the 1650s 16 private mints were opened for the production of Kan'ei Tsūhō coins all over Japan.<ref>Noriko Fujii (Senior Researcher and Director Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies The [[Bank of Japan]].) [http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/japanese/academic/2013.pdf The History of Japanese Copper Coins Illustrated from the Collection of the Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan.]（the peer-reviewed pre-print version; published in JOSA vol.45, pp.77-92）– [[Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan]] Retrieved: 26 June 2017.</ref> Kan'ei Tsūhō produced before 1688 are referred to as “old Kan’ei” and are recognisable by their similar calligraphic styles making them hard to differentiate from one another, meanwhile ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' coins produced after 1688 (or “new Kan’ei” coins) tend to be more diverse in calligraphic styling, and the 4 mon denomination has waves on its reverse making it easily distinguishable from other coins. From 1738 government authorised the manufacture of iron ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' 1 mon coins, and in 1866 (just before the end of the [[Edo period]]) iron 4 mon ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' were authorised. While iron coins were being minted the quality of copper coins would decrease due to frequent debasements. === Export === {{See also|Nagasaki trade coins}} As ''Bitasen'' coins were no longer allowed to circulate within Japan, Japanese traders started selling them on foreign markets for profits, especially on the [[Vietnam]]ese market where a huge influx of ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' and ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' coins from Japan made the Japanese mon the ''de facto'' currency of the region. The large export of Japanese coins to Vietnam during this period mostly happened on [[Red seal ships]]. {|class="wikitable" |- ! Years !! Annual number of [[Red seal ships]] going to [[Later Lê dynasty|Northern Vietnam]] !! Annual number of Red seal ships going to [[Nguyễn lords|Southern Vietnam]] |- | 1604-1605 || 5 || 9 |- | 1606-1610 || 2 || 9 |- | 1611-1615 || 3 || 26 |- | 1616-1620 || 9 || 22 |- | 1621-1625 || 6 || 7 |- | 1626-1630 || 3 || 5 |- | 1631-1635 || 9 || 9 |} From 1633 the Tokugawa government adopted the isolationist [[Sakoku]] policy. The Shogunate however opened up the seaport of [[Nagasaki]] to export with the [[Dutch East India Company]] and Chinese merchant ships from Southeast Asia, the Japanese merchants who were now prohibited from exporting mon coins directly to Vietnam used the Dutch traders as middlemen and exported between 1633 and 1637 around 105,835 strings of 960 ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' and ''Kan’ei Tsūhō coins'' (or 101,600,640 mon) to Vietnam, and from 1659 this continued with the [[Nagasaki trade coins]] which were specifically minted for foreign markets, this is why they were escribed with Song dynasty inscriptions as coins from the Song dynasty were already circulating in Southeast Asia and the populace had already become accustomed to them. The trade of mon coins stopped however after the Shogunate banned the export of copper in 1715.<ref>Kobata Atsushi, Nihon no kahei (Tokyo: Shibundô, 1958), 210-11. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref><ref>Nagasaki bôekisen was unearthed in Vietnam in 1997. Sakuragi Shinichi, “Shutsudo senka kara mita chûsei kahei ryûtsû”, 73. (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> === Inflation during the Bakumatsu === {{Main|Tenpō Tsūhō}} [[File:Hoei-tsuho-huka.jpg|thumb|right|Hoei-tsuho-huka|A ''Hōei Tsūhō'' (寳永通寳) coin, these were unsuccessfully introduced as a large denomination 10 mon coin in 1708, but failed because of their debased copper content.]] [[File:Tenpo-tsuho-chokaku.jpg|thumb|right|Tenpo-tsuho-chokaku|A [[Tenpō Tsūhō]] ([[:ja:天保通宝|天保通寳 - 當百]]) coin of 100 mon, with the [[Kaō]] of the [[Kinza]] mint's Gotō San'emon.]] In 1708 the Tokugawa shogunate introduced the ''Hōei Tsūhō'' ([[Kyūjitai]]: 寳永通寳 ; [[Shinjitai]]: 宝永通宝) which had a face value of 10 mon (but contained 3 times as much copper as a 1 mon ''Kan’ei Tsūhō'' coin), which lead to the coin being discontinued very shortly after it started circulating as it wasn't accepted for its nominal value.<ref>TAKIZAWA Takeo, (1996) Nihon no Kahei no Rekishi (History of Japanese Currencies) [[Tokyo]], Yoshikawa Kobunkan. (Takizawa p.242).</ref> However, in 1835 (during the [[Bakumatsu]]) the Tokugawa shogunate tried issuing a larger denomination copper coin again with the ''[[Tenpō Tsūhō]]'' 100 mon coin which this time only contained five and a half times the amount of copper in a 1 mon coin,<ref>[[Bank of Japan]] – [[Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan|Money Museum]] [http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/history/18C/ Early Modern Times (2)] First half of the 19th century Bunsei and Tenpo recoinages Retrieved: 11 June 2017.</ref> but as accepted nonetheless. The introduction of this denomination caused large scale inflation comparable to that of caused by the 100 [[Cash (Chinese coin)|wén]] coin minted by the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1853, or the [[Korean mun#100 mun coin and inflation|100 mun coin]] issued by the [[Kingdom of Joseon]] in 1866.<ref>PENG Xin-Wei, (1958) Zhongguo Huobi Shi (Monetary History of China), second ed., [[Shanghai]], Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, (Peng pp.833-838).</ref><ref>LEE Seok-Ryun (1984) Hanguk Hwapye Geumyungsa Yeongu (Study of Monetary and Financial History of Korea), [[Seoul]], Pakyoungsa. (Lee p.123).</ref> The reason for the change in mentality was the scarcity of copper which had earlier forced the Japanese to mint iron coins breaking the previously established tri-metallic system. The concurrent circulation of 1, 4, and (heavily debased) 100 mon coins caused for a chaotic reaction from the market as did widespread circulation of forged coinage.<ref>33 Ishii Ryôsuke and Harafuji Hiroshi, eds, Bakumatsu ofuregaki shûsei 4 (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1993), code no. 4207 (intercalary May 1865). Quote: “According to guidelines for the iron/copper coin exchange ratio, 12 kan’ei tsûhô one-mon iron coins=1 kan’ei tsûhô four- mon brass coin, 4 kan’ei tsûhô one-mon iron coins=1 kan’ei tsûhô one-mon bronze coin, and 6 kan’ei tsûhô one-mon iron coins=1 kan’ei tsûhô one -mon good bronze coin.” (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> Another major cause for inflation was that from 1859 local [[Daimyō]] started minting their own coinage often with high denominations to increase the money supply or to get more gold and silver for their low copper supplies, in 1862 this inspired Daimyō [[Shimazu Nariakira]] to produce ''Tenpō Tsūhō'' derivatives in the form of 100 on ''[[Ryukyuan mon#Denominations after 1862|Ryūkyū Tsūhō]]'' coins and even ½ Shu ''Ryūkyū Tsūhō'' coins under the pretence of minting coins for their vassal [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], this proved profitable for the [[Satsuma domain]].<ref>[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/okinawa-dic/prentry-43409.html Ryūkyū Tsūhō] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia, 沖縄コンパクト事典, [[Ryūkyū Shimpō]], 1 March 2003. Access date = 8 June 2017.</ref><ref>Robert Hellyer, Defining Engagement, [[Harvard University Press]] (2009), 192.</ref> == Stringing of coins == [[File:Bundles of 100 copper Mon coins.jpg|thumb|left|Bundles of 100 copper Mon coins|Bundles of 100 copper mon coins strung together for convenience of both transportation and payment.]] Mon coins were holed, allowing them to be strung together on a piece of string. In the Edo-period of Japan (1615-1868), stringed-together coins received a small discount when presented like this. E.g. for 100 Mon payment: if those 1 Mon coins were all tied in a row, discount given was 4 mon, so 96 stringed coins of 1 mon were accepted at par with 100 mon. Similar discounts existed probably for other bulk payments with small coinage in stringed form. == List of Japanese mon coins == === Before the Edo period === '''Incorporated in [[Japanese currency]] with [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/835962664 this edit].''' The coins produced in Japan after the [[Wadōkaichin]] and before the Edo period include: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! Year of introduction<br>([[Gregorian calendar]]) !! Image |- | Jingō Kaihō || 神功開寳 || 神功開宝 || 765 || [[File:Jinkokaiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Ryūhei Eihō || 隆平永寳 || 隆平永宝 || 796 || [[File:Ryuheieiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Fuju Shinpō || 富寿神寳 || 富寿神宝 || 818 || [[File:Fujyushinpou-icone-contrib-Rbmk.jpg|75px]] |- | Jōwa Shōhō || 貞和昌寳 || 貞和昌宝 || 835 || |- | Chōnen Taihō || 長年大寳 || 長年大宝 || 848 || [[File:Tyounentaihou.jpg|75px]] |- | Nyōyaku Shinpō || 饒益神寳 || 饒益神宝 || 859 || [[File:Joekishinpou.jpg|75px]] |- | Jōgan Eihō || 貞観永寳 || 貞観永宝 || 870 || [[File:Jogan-eiho.jpg|75px]] |- | Kanpyō Taihō || 寛平大寳 || 寛平大宝 || 890 || |- | Engi Tsūhō || 延喜通寳 || 延喜通宝 || 907 || |- | Kengen Taihō || 乹元大寳 || 乹元大宝 || 958 || [[File:Kengentaihou.jpg|75px]] |} === During the Edo period === [[File:Bakumatsu local coins.jpg|thumb|right|Bakumatsu local coins|Proliferation of local Japanese coinage during the [[Bakumatsu]] period.]] During the history of the Japanese mon, many different coins with different inscriptions were cast, the main coins cast by the central government were:<ref>Japan Numismatic Dealers Association [http://www.jnda.or.jp/katarogu/index.html "The Catalog of Japanese Coins and Banknotes"] {{ISBN|4930810175}} (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! Year of introduction<br>([[Gregorian calendar]]) !! [[Japanese era name|Nengō]]<br>([[Japanese calendar]]) !! Denomination(s) !! Image |- | Keichō Tsūhō<ref>瀧澤武雄，西脇康 『日本史小百科「貨幣」』 東京堂出版、1999年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> || 慶長通寳 || 慶長通宝 || 1606 || [[Keichō]] 11 || 1 mon || [[File:Keicho-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Genna Tsūhō<ref>『日本の貨幣-収集の手引き-』　日本貨幣商協同組合、1998年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]])</ref> || 元和通寳 || 元和通宝 || 1616 || [[Genna]] 2 || 1 mon || |- | Kan’ei Tsūhō<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Kaneibasics.html|title= Basics of distinguishing Kan'ei coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=16 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>Shizuoka Izumika comp., Anasen Nyuumon Kan'ei Tsuuhou: Shin Kan'ei no bu (Shoshinkan: [[Tokyo]], 1997).</ref> || 寛永通寳 || 寛永通宝 || 1626 (1 mon){{efn|The ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' was first minted in 1626 (Kan'ei 5) in the [[Mito domain]] on a small scale, but the Tokugawa government started mass producing the coin in 1636 (Kan'ei 15).}}<br>1768 (4 mon) || [[Kan'ei]] 5 (1 mon)<br>[[Meiwa]] 5 (4 mon) || 1 mon<br>4 mon || [[File:Kanei-tsuho-kodzu.jpg|75px]]<br>[[File:Kanei-tsuho-to4-11nami.jpg|75px]] |- | Hōei Tsūhō<ref>TAKIZAWA Takeo, (1996) Nihon no Kahei no Rekishi (History of Japanese Currencies) [[Tokyo]], Yoshikawa Kobunkan. (Takizawa p.242).</ref> || 寳永通寳 || 宝永通宝 || 1708 || [[Hōei]] 5 || 10 mon || [[File:Hoei-tsuho-huka.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Tenpō Tsūhō]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/jp/Tenpo%20Tsuho.htm|title= Guide for attribution of Tenpo Tsuho (1835 – 1871) 天保通寶|date= 11 October 2003|accessdate= 10 June 2017|work= Heinz Gratzer & Vladimir Balyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site) |language=en}}</ref><ref>XIV International Economic History Congress, [[Helsinki]] 2006 Session 106 [http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Kuroda.pdf Too Commercialised To Synchronize Currencies: Monetary Peasant Economy in Late Imperial China in Comparison with Contemporary Japan] by Akinobu Kuroda ([[University of Tokyo]]) Retrieved: 11 June 2017</ref> || 天保通寳 || 天保通宝 || 1835 || [[Tenpō]] 6 || 100 mon || [[File:Tenpo-tsuho-chokaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Bunkyū Ēhō<ref>Kosenkan [http://park12.wakwak.com/~kosenkan/ List of East-Asian & Vietnamese mon coins.] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Published: 30 April 1999 Last updated: 15 September 2008. Retrieved: 16 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Yonmonkanei.html|title= 4 mon Kan'ei and Bunkyuu coins.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=16 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref> || 文久永寳 || 文久永宝 || 1863 || [[Bunkyū]] 3 || 4 mon || [[File:Bunkyu-eiho-ryakuho.jpg|75px]] |} Many [[Han system|Japanese domains]] produced their own currency which happened chaotically, so that the nation’s money supply expanded by 2.5 times between 1859 and 1869, leading to crumbling money values and soaring prices.<ref>『図録 日本の貨幣・全11巻』 東洋経済新報社、1972 - 1976年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref> 『貨幣手帳・日本コインの歴史と収集ガイド』 ボナンザ、1982年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref> 瀧澤武雄，西脇康 『日本史小百科「貨幣」』 東京堂出版、1999年 (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=19 June 2017|work= Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Japan Currency Museum]] (日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit</ref> These coins were often produced with the name of the domain or [[Provinces of Japan|province]] on them, the mon coins produced by domains are: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Kyūjitai]] !! [[Shinjitai]] !! [[List of Han|Domain]] !! Image |- | Sendai Tsūhō || 仙臺通寳 || 仙台通宝 || [[Sendai Domain|Sendai]] || [[File:Sendai-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Hosokura tō hyaku || 細倉當百 || 細倉当百 || Sendai || [[File:Hosokura-tohyaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Isawa Tsūhō || 膽澤通寳 || 胆沢通宝 || Sendai || |- | Tetsuzan Tsūhō || 鐵山通寳 || 鉄山通宝 || [[Morioka Domain|Morioka]] || |- | Hakodate Tsūhō || 箱館通寳 || 箱館通宝 || Matsumae || [[File:Hakodate-tsuho.jpg|75px]] |- | Dōzan Tsūhō || 銅山通寳 || 銅山通宝 || [[Kubota Domain|Kubota]] || |- | Ashū Tsūhō || 阿州通寳 || 阿州通宝 || [[Tokushima Domain|Tokushima]] || |- | Tosa Tsūhō || 土佐通寳 || 土佐通宝 || [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]] || |- | Chikuzen Tsūhō (100 mon) || 筑前通寳 - 當百 || 筑前通宝 - 当百 || [[Fukuoka Domain|Fukuoka]] || |- | [[Ryukyuan mon#Denominations after 1862|Ryūkyū Tsūhō]] (100 mon) || 琉球通寳 - 當百 || 琉球通宝 - 当百 || [[Satsuma domain|Satsuma]] || [[File:Ryukyu-tsuho-tohyaku.jpg|75px]] |- | Ryūkyū Tsūhō (½ Shu) || 琉球通寳 - 半朱 || 琉球通宝 - 半朱 || Satsuma || [[File:Ryukyu-tsuho-hanzyu.jpg|75px]] |} == See also == * [[Wadōkaichin]] * [[Economy of Japan]] === Currencies with the same etymology === * [[Chinese wen]] * [[Korean mun]] * [[Vietnamese cash|Vietnamese văn]] * [[Ryukyuan mon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh]], Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/[[Hayashi Gahō]], 1652]. ''[[Nipon o daï itsi ran]]; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:OCLC63259938&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 ... Click for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French).] * David Hartill (2011). ''Early Japanese Coins''. New Generation Publishing. {{ISBN|0755213653}} {{Commons+cat|Category:Senka (coin)}} {{Japanese currency and coinage}} {{Asian cash}}

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<ref>The [[British Museum]] - [https://britishmuseum.org/pdf/Catalogue%20of%20the%20Japanese%20Coin%20Collection.pdf Catalogue of the Japanese Coin Collection (pre-Meiji) at the British Museum with special reference to Kutsuki Masatsuna] by Shin’ichi Sakuraki, Helen Wang and Peter Kornicki, with Nobuhisa Furuta, Timon Screech, and Joe Cribb. ISBN 978 086159 174 9 ISSN 1747-3640 (© Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum 2010) Retrieved: 11 April 2018.</ref>

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<ref name="BritishMuseumJapaneseCoins">{{cite web|url= https://britishmuseum.org/pdf/Catalogue%20of%20the%20Japanese%20Coin%20Collection.pdf|title= Catalogue of the Japanese Coin Collection (pre-Meiji) at the British Museum with special reference to Kutsuki Masatsuna.|date=2010|accessdate=11 April 2018|work= Shin’ichi Sakuraki, Helen Wang and Peter Kornicki, with Nobuhisa Furuta, Timon Screech, and Joe Cribb. ISBN 978 086159 174 9 ISSN 1747-3640 (© Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum 2010) hosted by the [[British Museum]].|language=en}}</ref>