User:Donald Trung/Montagnard country of South Indochina

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Montagnard country of South Indochina" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagnard_country_of_South_Indochina&oldid=1018401152 Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:31, 17 April 2021 (UTC) .

Original draft

{{Infobox former subdivision |native_name = Pays Montagnard du Sud Indochinois<br>Xứ Thượng Nam Đông Dương |subdivision = Autonomous territory |nation = [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (1946–1948), the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]] (1948–1949), and the [[State of Vietnam]] (1949–1950) within [[French Indochina]]. |title_leader = |year_leader1= |government_type = Autonomous territory |leader1 = |capital = [[Đà Lạt]] (1946–1948)<br>[[Ban Mê Thuột]] (1948–1950) |national_motto =  |national_anthem =  |political_subdiv =  |today = {{flag|Vietnam}} |image_flag = Flag of the Montagnard country of South Indochina.svg |flag_type = [[List of flags of Vietnam|Flag]] |image_coat = |symbol_type = |year_start = 1946 |year_end = 1950 |event_start = Autonomy granted |date_start = 27 May |event1 =  |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event_end = Absorbed into [[Bảo Đại]]'s [[Domain of the Crown|crown domains]] |date_end = 15 April |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_post = |date_post = |era = [[First Indochina War]] ([[Cold War]])  |p1 = Darlac |flag_p1 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |p2 = Đồng Nai Thượng |flag_p2 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |p3 = Kontum |flag_p3 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |p4 = Lang Biang |flag_p4 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |p5 = Pleiku |flag_p5 = Flag of North Vietnam (1945–1955).svg |s1 = Domain of the Crown |flag_s1 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |image_map = Central Highlands in Vietnam.svg |image_map_caption = | Divisions = [[Subdivisions of Vietnam|Provinces, districts, communes]] }} The '''Montagnard country of South Indochina''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Pays Montagnard du Sud Indochinois''; [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Xứ Thượng Nam Đông Dương''), sometimes abbreviated as '''PMSI''', was an autonomous territory of [[French Indochina]] created in 1946 following the French reconquest of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Cao nguyên Trung bộ]] from the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. The territory was supposed to be an autonomous homeland of the [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard people]] within French Indochina, but existed mainly to serve French colonial interests in the region. The territory was absorbed into the [[Domain of the Crown]], with the issue of ''Dụ số 6'' in 1950, a collection of territories where [[Kinh people]] were a minority that was nominally directly controlled by the Chief of State [[Bảo Đại]]. == History == === Background === During the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] period (1802–1945) [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|ethnic minorities]] retained a level of autonomy and their tribal societies and principalities were a part of what was considered to be the "Domain of the Crown" as an informal division.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng">Anh Thái Phượng. ''Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I''. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref><ref name="Báo-SÀI-GÒN-GIẢI-PHÓNG">{{cite web|url= https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html|title= Hoàng triều cương thổ nghĩa là gì?|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= PGS. TS. Lê Trung Hoa|publisher= Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG|language=vi}}</ref><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020">{{cite web|url= https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html|title= Hoàng triều Cương thổ. - 06:07 28/07/2020 - Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Domaine de la Couronne) ban đầu là tên gọi để chỉ vùng đất Tây Nguyên Việt Nam hiện nay gồm 5 tỉnh, xếp theo thứ tự vị trí địa lý từ Bắc xuống Nam gồm Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông và Lâm Đồng. Hoàng triều Cương thổ chính thức thành lập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 1950 rồi giải thể ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1955.|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=13 April 2021|author= KTS. Cao Thành Nghiệp|publisher= Vision Times - All Eyes on China|language=vi}}</ref> The [[Champa]] Kingdom and the [[Cham people|Chams]] in the lowlands of Central Vietnam were traditional suzerains whom the [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]] in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=35–336}}</ref> During the late 19th century, as the French moved to consolidate colonial authorities over Eastern Indochina, the French started paying more attention to the strategic location of the Annamese highlands, this was especially done in an attempt to roll back [[Siam]]ese influence.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM">{{cite web|url= http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1133-pays-montagnards-du-sud-pms.html|title= PAYS MONTAGNARDS DU SUD (PMS).|date=2021|accessdate=17 April 2021|author= Goscha Christopher|publisher= [[Université du Québec à Montréal]] (UQÀM) |language=en}}</ref> After having consolidated their colonial power in the Union of Indochina, the French subsequently focused their more on controlling the highland population as a method of controlling anti-French insurrections rising up among the lowland [[Kinh people]].<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> French administrators in the highland regions, such as [[Léopold Sabatier]], contributed to the creation of a separate non-Vietnamese identity for the Montagnards by opposing the immigration of Kinh people into the these regions.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> French administrator Sabatier sought to emphasise a separate ethnic identity for the Montagnards differentiating them from the Annamese, and even created a customary law code for the [[Degar people]].<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> A combination of French colonial administrators, military officers, and ethnographers contributed to a process of "ethnicisation" to the centr Montagnard people, such as by classifying them into four major groups of "tribes".<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> These included the [[Bahnar people|Bahnar]], [[Sedang people|Sedang]], [[Rade people|Rhadé]], and [[Jarai people|Jarai]] by the 1930s.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> During this period the French authorities started claiming that the historically diverse tribes were growing into a united culture, which in the eyes of many Frenchmen was defined by its "historic" opposition to everything that can be seen as "Annamese" (Vietnamese).<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> After 1945, concept of "[[Nam tiến]]" (the southward expansion of Vietnam) was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars.<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Zottoli |first= Brian A. |date=2011 |title=Conceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia |type=A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1 |page=5 }}</ref> {{Quote box | quote ="to save this race, to disentangle it from all harmful foreign influences through a direct administration, and to tie these tribes to us … These proud peoples with their spirit of independence will provide us with elite troops, (serve) as safety valves in case of internal insurgency, and (act) as powerful combat units in case of external war." | source = - Unattributed French quote mentioned in "PAYS MONTAGNARDS DU SUD (PMS)" by [[Goscha Christopher]] ([[Université du Québec à Montréal]]).<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> | width = 75% | align = center }} The ''Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois'' (or "Montagnard country of South Indochina") was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under [[French Indochina]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA155|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=155–}}</ref> Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Mọi) populated area with fierce animals like [[tiger]]s, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits." The Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,<ref name="M.D.2013">{{cite book|author=Lawrence H. Climo, M.D.|title=The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&q=moi+savages+vietnamese&pg=PA227|date=20 December 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7899-6|pages=227–}}</ref> in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realisation of its crucial geographical importance.<ref name="M.D.2013-2">{{cite book|author=Lawrence H. Climo, M.D.|title=The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228|date=20 December 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7899-6|pages=228–}}</ref> === Autonomous highlands === After [[World War II]], a new situation arose in the French protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] and the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]] as the rise of the [[Việt Minh]] and other Vietnamese independence movements changed the balance of power in French Indochina at a disadvantage for the French.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi">Lê Đình Chi. ''Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.'' [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], [[California]]: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 569-612. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]).</ref> French strategists returning to rebuild colonial Indochina following the [[surrender of Japan]] hoped to build a new strategy for regaining their status upon the pre-existing French central highlands Montagnard policy, this time the French were extending it to various other ethnic minority areas in the Indochinese highlands, especially among the [[Tai people|Tai]] and the [[Nùng people]]s in [[northwestern Vietnam]].<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> High Commissioner [[Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu]] sought to neutralise the situation by approving the establishment of the [[Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina]] in [[Southern Vietnam]] on 1 June 1946 and then the Montagnard country of South Indochina in the central highlands region on 27 May 1946.<ref name="Lê-Đình-Chi"/><ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> The French used the tactic of [[divide-and-conquer]] to fragment the various national independence movements that existed in Vietnam, using specially-recruited Montagnard divisions and troops to fight against the independence movements and dividing Vietnam into smaller regions.<ref name="Mackerras">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi6DAgAAQBAJ|title=Ethnicity in Asia|last=Mackerras|first=Colin|date=2003-09-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134515172|language=en}}</ref> The French had hoped that they could use the highland Montagnard peoples to fight against the Việt Minh which primarily operated from the lowlands.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> The Montagnard country of South Indochina was decreed to be a "Special Administrative Circumscription" and was administered by a French delegate.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> The Montagnard country of South Indochina was created out of the five provinces of [[Darlac]], [[Đồng Nai Thượng]], [[Kontum]], [[Lang Biang]], and [[Pleiku]].<ref name="Salemink">Salemink, Oscar. ''The ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A historical contextualization 1850-1900''. [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]]: [[University of Hawai'i Press]], 2003. Pages 146-155</ref> It was under direct control of the French colonial authorities reporting to the [[French Union]], its initial capital city was located in [[Đà Lạt]] but was later relocated to [[Ban Mê Thuột]] in 1948.<ref name="Salemink"/> During the [[Fontainebleau Agreements]] the officials of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam protested against both the creation of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina and the Montagnard country of South Indochina seeing it as disuniting the Vietnamese homeland.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> One French spokesman countered the territorial claims of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to the Montagnard country of South Indochina by saying "Neither geographically, historically nor ethnically, can the highlands be considered a part of Vietnam."<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> This was then responded to by delegates of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam reminding the French of [[Alsace-Lorraine]].<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> On 21 June 1946 the French military was ordered to retake the highland provinces from Việt Minh control below the [[16th parallel north]].<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> Colonel [[Jacques Massu]] proposed a plan to let retired French military veterans create plantations in the Montagnard country of South Indochina, which was approved by High Commissioner Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> This plan hoped to both maintain French colonial interests in the region and help nation build the Montagnards with an identity distinct from that of Vietnam, but the results of this plan were only a limited success.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> Seeing as the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was successful in 1949 and established the [[People's Republic of China]] forcing the [[Nationalist government]] to retreat to [[Taiwan]] (see: [[Loss of China]]) the French felt more pressure to work together with the pro-French Vietnamese government to fight the Communist Việt Minh.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> On May 30, 1949, the French delegated the authority to manage the Central Highlands from the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]].<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> Chief of State Bảo Đại separated the Central Highlands from the central government and established a special administrative system called the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam as [[crownlands]] of Bảo Đại through ''Dụ số 6/QT/TG'' on 15 April 1950.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/><ref name="Tri-Thuc-Viet-Nam-2020"/> In this area, Bảo Đại held both the titles of "Chief of State" (國長, ''Quốc trưởng'') and "Emperor" (皇帝, ''Hoàng Đế'').<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> In [[Central Vietnam]] (Trung phần) the Domain of the Crown was assigned the 5 provinces that formerly made up the Montagnard country of South Indochina, while in [[Northern Vietnam]] (Bắc phần) it received an additional 11 provinces.<ref name="Anh-Thái-Phượng"/> === Aftermath === {{Main|Domain of the Crown}} Following the incorporation of the Montagnard country of South Indochina into the Domain of the Crown it became the "Crown Domain of the Southern Higlander Country" (French: ''Domaine de la couronne du pays montagnards du Sud''), or PMS, and the French government maintained that the Vietnamese government should respect the “free evolution of these populations in relation to their traditions and customs” of the central highland Montagnard peoples.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> In reality this meant that the French maintained some level of control over the area despite it nominally being in the hands of the [[State of Vietnam]] government.<ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM"/> == See also == * [[Kingdom of Sedang]] * [[Persecution of the Montagnard in Vietnam]] * [[Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commonscat|Montagnard country of South Indochina}} {{Vietnamese crown domain}} {{French Indochina}} {{Former French colonies}} [[:Category:States and territories established in 1946]] [[:Category:Former polities of the Indochina Wars]] [[:Category:States and territories disestablished in 1950]] [[:Category:First Indochina War]] [[:Category:1946 establishments in Asia]] [[:Category:1950 disestablishments in Asia]] .

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<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Informational sources

http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1133-pays-montagnards-du-sud-pms.html
- <ref name="Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM">{{cite web|url= http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1133-pays-montagnards-du-sud-pms.html|title= PAYS MONTAGNARDS DU SUD (PMS).|date=2021|accessdate=17 April 2021|author= Goscha Christopher|publisher= [[Université du Québec à Montréal]] (UQÀM) |language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:19, 17 April 2021 (UTC) .

Activist sources

Maybe consult these, or maybe not.

http://ciptvn.org/the-montagnards-nation/

http://www.mhro.org/montangards-history

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Montagnard country of South Indochina]]

#REDIRECT [[Montagnard country of South Indochina#Aftermath]]