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{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}} {{Short description|Historical coinage of China}} {{Use American English|date = February 2019}} [[File:Square Shoulder Spade.jpg|thumb|Square Shoulder Spade coin from the State of Zhou. c. 650-400 BC. One character bei ({{ zh| c=貝| hp| l=| links=no}}).]] '''Spade money''' ({{ zh| c=布币| hp=bù bì| l=| links=yes}}) was an early form of [[coin]] and [[Commodity money|commodity money]] used during the [[Zhou dynasty]] of [[China]] (1045 to 256 BC). Spade money was shaped like a spade or weeding tool. Under the [[Xin dynasty]] created by [[Wang Mang]] spade money was reintroduced; there were 12 different types of spade money in the Xin dynasty, ranging in values from 100 to 1000 ''[[Mace (unit)|qián]]''.<ref> 2-Clicks COINS [http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/chinese-spade-coins.html Chinese spade coins. Derived from a farmer’s tool, different variations of spade moneys were used as forms of coinage in ancient China. This early form of currency became the foundation of succeeding coins minted in China.] Copyright © 2-Clicks Coins 2016. Retrieved: 12 July 2017. </ref> ==Hollow-handled spade money== Hollow-handled spades ({{zh|t=布幣|p=bùbì}}) are a link between weeding tools used for [[barter]] and stylised objects used as money. Although flimsy, it retains the hollow socket by which a genuine tool could be attached to its handle. This socket is rectangular in its cross-section and still retains the clay from the casting process. In the socket, the hole that fixes the tool to its handle is also reproduced. * Prototype spade money: this type of spade money is similar in shape and size to the original agricultural implements. While some are robust enough to have been used in the fields, others are much lighter. These bear an inscription of the name of its issuing city. Some of these objects have been found in Shang and [[Western Zhou]] tombs, dating from 1200-800 BC. Inscribed specimens appear to date from c. 700 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill |date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=5}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Square shoulder spades: characteristics of this type of spade coin include square shoulders, a straight or slightly curving foot, and three parallel lines on the obverse and reverse. They are found in quantities of up to several hundreds in the area corresponding to the Royal Domain of Zhou (south [[Hebei]] and north [[Henan]]). Archaeological evidence dates them to the early spring and autumn period, approximately 650 BC and onward. The inscriptions on these coins usually consist of one character, which can be either a number, a cyclical character, a place name, or the name of a clan. The crude writing is that of the artisans who made the coins, not the more careful script of the scholars who wrote the votive inscriptions on bronze. The style of writing is consistent with that of the middle Zhou period. Over two hundred inscriptions are known. Many have not been fully deciphered. The characters can be found on the left or right of the central line and may be inverted or retrograde. The alloy of these coins is typically 80% copper, 15% lead, and 5% tin. They are found in hoards of hundreds rather than thousands, sometimes tied together in bundles. Although there is no mention in the literature of their purchasing power, it is clear that they were not small change.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=6}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Sloping shoulder spades: these spades usually have a sloping shoulder with the two outside lines on the obverse and reverse at an angle. The central line is often missing. This type is generally smaller than the prototype or square shoulder spades. Their inscriptions are clearer and usually consist of two characters. They are associated with the Kingdom of Zhou and the Henan area. Their smaller size indicates that they are later in date than square shoulder spades.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=14}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Pointed shoulder spades: this type of spade has pointed shoulders and feet and a long hollow handle. There are three parallel lines on the obverse and reverse with occasional inscriptions. They are found in Northeast Henan and [[Shanxi]], the territory of the Duchy of Jin, later to become Zhao. They are held to be somewhat later in date than the square shouldered spades. Their shape seems to be designed for ease of tying together in bundles, rather than deriving from any particular agricultural instrument.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=17}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> == Flat-handled spade money == Flat-handled spade money does not have the hollow handle of the early spades. Nearly all have distinct legs, suggesting that their pattern was influenced by the pointed shoulder hollow-handled spades with further styling for easy handling. They are generally smaller and sometimes have denominations specified in their inscriptions in addition to place names. In combination with the little evidence of establishment dates of some mint towns, flat-handled spade money could have been a later development. Archaeological evidence dates them to the Warring States period (475 to 221 BC). Arched foot spades have an alloy consisting of about 80% copper; for other types the copper content varies between 40% and 70%.<ref name=David19 /> * Arched foot spades: this type has an arched crutch like an inverted U. The shoulders can be rounded or angular. Denominations of half, one, or two ''jin'' are normally specified. Arched foot spaces are associated with the [[Wei (state)|State of Liang]] (also known as Wei), which flourished between 425 and 344 BC, and the [[State of Han]] (403-230 BC).<ref name=David19>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=19}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Special spades of Liang: special spades of Liang are similar in shape to the arched foot spades. Their inscriptions have been the subject of much debate. All now agreed that these coins were issued by the State of Liang, and the inscriptions indicate a relationship between the ''jin'' weight of the coins and the ''lie'' (another unit of weight or money).<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=24}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Pointed foot spades: this type has pointed feet and a square crutch. The shoulders can be pointing upwards or straight. They are a clear descendant of the pointed shoulder hollow-handled spade. The weight and size of the larger specimens is compatible with the one ''jin'' unit of the arched foot flat-handled spades. Smaller specimens can often specify the unit as a half ''jin''or one ''jin'' (less frequent), but frequently do not specify a unit. This seems to imply that the half ''jin'' unit became the norm. They are associated with the [[State of Zhao]] and are usually found in Shanxi and Hebei provinces. They frequently have numerals on the reverse side. The two-character mint names mean that the cities that cast these coins can be identified with more certainty than those of earlier series.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=26}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> [[Image:An Yang Spade.jpg|thumb|Square Foot Spade of An Yang]] * Square foot spades: this type has square feet, a square crutch, and a central line on the obverse. The reverse normally has only three lines apart from on spades produced by some mints in the state of Zhao, who also produced pointed foot spades. These have numerals on the reverse. The mints that produced square foot spades are more numerous than those that produced the pointed foot spades. Their weights are compatible with the half ''jin'' denomination. They are associated with the states of [[Han (state)|Han]], [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]], [[Liang (state)|Liang]], Zhou, and [[Yan (state)|Yan]]. They are found in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, [[Jilin]], Hebei, Shanxi, [[Shaanxi]], [[Shandong]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Anhui]], Henan, and [[Zhejiang]]. The type is contemporary, along with the pointed foot spades. Some mints issued both types, and the two are found together in hoards.<ref name="p35">{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=35}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Sharp cornered spades': these form a distinct sub-series of the square foot spades. They differ slightly from the normal type as they have small triangular projections on the handle. The inscriptions of the three larger types include the characters ''jin'' ({{zh | c=金| hp=jīn| links=no}}) and ''nie'' ({{zh | c=涅| hp=niè| links=no}}). While ''nie'' was the name of a river in Henan, the character cannot be readily construed as part of a place name, as it is found in conjunction with other place names such as Lu Shi and Yu. According to the Fang Yan (an ancient book on dialects),''nie'' meant the same as ''hua'' ({{zh | c=化| hp=huà| links=no}}), money or coin. Thus the characters''jin nie'' mean “metal coin”. The weights of the larger coins seem slightly higher than the 14 grams of the ''jin'' standard. Their find spots correspond with the states of Liang and Han.<ref name="p35" /> * Dang Jin spades: these constitute another sub-group whose inscriptions suggest equivalence between the units of two trading areas. Both the small and large coins have a character jin ({{zh | c=伒| hp=jìn|links=no}}) in their inscription. This is normally taken as being the same as the ''jin'' unit found on other flat handled spade coins. However, the 28 gram weight of these coins suggests that their unit was twice the 14 grams of the flat handled spade ''jin'', so perhaps it was a local unit of the area. The smaller coin is often found as two joined together at the feet. This is how they were cast, but it is not clear if they were intended to circulate like this. Their weight is between 7 and 8 grams, roughly a quarter of the larger coins, so the inscription indicating that four were equivalent to a jin is logical. Their obverse inscriptions are a matter of some debate. Taking a consensus, the most logical reading is: [City of] Pei coin equivalent to a ''jin'' ({{zh | c=斾比當伒| hp=pèi bǐ dāng jìn| links=no}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005|title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=50}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Round foot spades: round handle, round shoulders, and round feet. A rare type. This type is represented by the coins of five cities in present-day Shanxi, between the Fen and Yellow River. There are two sizes, the equivalent of the one ''jin'' and half ''jin'' denominations. They have various numerals on their reverses. One school of thought ascribes them to the states of Qin and Zhao at the end of the Warring States period; another to the State of [[Zhongshan (state)| Zhongshan]] during the 4th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=13 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location= |publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=52}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> * Three hole spades: holes in the handle and feet. Round handle, round shoulders, and round feet. Another rare type. Two sizes are found. The large size has the inscription ''liang'' ({{zh | c=兩| hp=liǎng| links=no}}) on the reverse; the smaller ''shi'er zhu'' ({{zh | c=十二銖| hp=shí'èr zhū| links=no}}) (12 zhu). As the ''liang'' unit of weight was divided into 24 ''zhu'', clearly the two sizes represent denominations of a “one” and of a “half”. They also have series numbers on the handle on the reverse. Like the Round Foot Spades, it is not definitely established which State issued them. Their find spots are in eastern Shanxi and Hebei. The mint names are cities that were occupied by both Zhong Shan and Zhao.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Hartill|date=September 22, 2005|title=Cast Chinese Coins |url= |location=|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1412054669|accessdate= |p=53}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref> === Three hole spades === The mystique and rarity which surrounds the "three hole spade" money (三孔布) is such that many Chinese coin collectors have dubbed it to be "the king of ancient coins".<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/27/rare-three-hole-spade-sold-at-auction/|title= Rare ‘Three Hole Spade’ Sold at Auction.|date=27 May 2013|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Three hole spades are often unique, with many variants of them being one-of-a-kind with some varieties being only known as fragments.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/12/11/three-hole-spades/|title= Three Hole Spades.|date=11 December 2012|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> While catalogues of ancient Chinese coinages have existed for over nine centuries, the existence of three hole spades has only been known to modern people for around two centuries because of their rarity.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> Most known examples of three hole spade money are in the hands of private collectors who reside outside of [[mainland China]].<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> The attribution of three hole spades remains unclear.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Three hole spades are believed to have circulated as a form of currency in what is now eastern [[Shanxi]] and Hebei sometime during the end of the Warring States period.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Scholars are divided over the attribution and they have attributed it to [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]], [[Zhongshan (state)|Zhongshan]], and [[Qin (state)|Qin]].<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Based on archaeological finds and digs in the modern era as well as the placenames of the cities which have been identified from the obverse inscriptions on various three hole spades, the strongest evidence points towards the hypothesis that they were produced by Zhao.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> While the fact that they use the Zhu and tael denominations are used as arguments that they might have been produced by Qin.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> The obverse inscription of a three hole spade usually contains the name of city where it was produced.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> While its reverse inscription reads its denomination which was either 1 [[tael]] (兩) or 12 ''zhu'' (十二朱).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> The 1 tael spades typically have a length of about 7.2 centimeters and are commonly known as "large" (three hole) spades.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> The 12 zhu spades typically have a length of about 5.2 centimeters and are commonly known as "small" (three hole) spades.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> The first modern documented three hole spade occurred around two centuries ago during the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] period when it was acquired by artist and epigrapher [[Zhang Tingji]] (張廷濟, 1768–1848).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> The [[seal script]] characters that appear on the obverse inscription of this three hole spade are Xia Qu Yang (下邲陽, ''xià qu yáng'').<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> The city of [[Xiaquyang]] is believed to have been located in present-day [[Ningjin County, Hebei|Ningjin County]], [[Hebei]].<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> The reverse inscription of this three hole spade is believed to be 17 tael (十七兩, ''shí qī liǎng'').<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> This specimen has a length of 7.35 centimeters, a width of 3.7 centimeters, and weighs 13.4 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Zhang Tingji had later recorded this spade in his coin catalogue "Ancient Coin Rubbings" (古泉拓本, ''gǔ quán tà běn''), which had made the Xia Qu Yang three hole spade to be the first ever three hole spade to appear in any form of publication.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|early Republic of China period]] the Xia Qu Yang three hole spade was acquired by the famous Chinese coin collector [[Zhang Shuxun]] (張叔馴, ''zhāng shū xùn'') and the rubbing of the Xia Qu Yang three hole spade has appeared in almost every major Chinese coin catalogue that has published since this period.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Based on specimens that have appeared in coin catalogues dating back to the Qing Dynasty period, currently it is believed to be that there are more than 10 different city names that were used as obverse inscriptions for three hole spades and that there may be more than 30 varieties of the three hole spade in existence.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> Modern Chinese numismatists and scholars are puzzled as to why a ancient state would manufacture so many different varieties of a coin in such small quantities.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> * In the year 2010 a three hole spade with the obverse inscription Wu Yang (武陽, ''wǔ yáng'') was sold at a China Guardian Auction for about [[United States dollar|US$]]567,000 (or 3,528,000 [[Renminbi|yuan]]).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> * A three hole spade was sold at an auction on November 25, 2012 hosted by the Beijing ChengXuan Auctions Co., Ltd (北京诚轩拍卖有限公司) for [[United States dollar|US$]]591,000 (or 3,680,000 [[Renminbi|yuan]]), which at the time had set a new world record for auctioning off an ancient Chinese coin.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> * A three hole spade shown here was sold on April 23, 2013 at an online auction hosted by Huaxia Coin Grading (华夏古泉网) for an approximate amount of [[United States dollar|US$]] 402,675 (or 2,475,000 [[Renminbi|yuan]]).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> The obverse inscription of this three hole spade reads Yang Jian (陽湔, ''yáng jiān''), the city where it was cast, while its reverse inscription reads that its denomination was 1 tael (兩).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> The auctioned spade is 73.99 millimeters in length, it is between 2.00 – 2.13 millimeters thick, and has a weight of 16.33 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> It is notably the only known "large" Yang Jian spade known to exist.<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> * The only known "small" (or "12 zhu") Yang Jian three hole spade known to exist is owned by the [[Tianjin History Museum]] (天津历史博物馆).<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/> * Several specimens of three hole spades are in the collections of the [[National Museum of China]], the [[Shanghai Museum]], and the [[Bank of Japan Currency Museum]].<ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/> == Silver spade money == In the year 1974, a farmer in [[Fugou County]], [[Henan]], had unearthed a bronze three-legged tripod (鼎, ''dǐng'').<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/04/29/state-of-qin-silver-banliang-coin/|title= State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=21 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WangChao">{{cite web|url= http://wap.wangchao.net.cn/baike/tcdetail_1004779.html|title= Zhongguo gudai yinbi - 中國古代銀幣 - Silver Coins in Ancient China.|date=2015|accessdate=21 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= wap.wangchao.net.cn|language=zh-tw}}</ref> Stashed inside this bronze tripod were eighteen specimens of spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> 1 of these spades was a hollow-handled spade (空首幣), while all the remaining 17 spade money were flat-handled spades (平首幣).<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> All of these unearthed spades are notably made of silver and are now on display at the [[Henan Museum]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/><ref name="WangChao"/> This also notably makes it China's first ever recorded instance of silver coinage, according to an article in "China Numismatics Volume 3 of 1983" ({{zh|t= 中國錢幣 1983年第3期|s= 中国钱币 1983年第3期| hp= zhōng guó qián bì yì qiān jiǔ bǎi bā shí sān nián dì sān qī| l= | links=yes}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/> == Hoards of spade money == * In the year 2012 a Chinese villager in the province of [[Hebei]] digging a well in his yard had unearthed a large cache of knife and spade money which was dated to the [[Warring States period]].<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/10/14/knife-and-spade-money-from-state-of-yan-unearthed-in-hebei/|title= Knife and Spade Money from State of Yan Unearthed in Hebei.|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The hoard included 98 specimens of knife money and 161 specimens of spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> This was the first major hoard of [[ancient Chinese coinage]] from this era that had been unearthed in [[Laiyuan County]], Hebei.<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> Both the spade and knife money from this hoard were attributed to [[Yan (state)|Yan]].<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> The hoard includes both "square foot" spades (方足布)<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> and "pointed foot" spades (尖足布).<ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/> == See also == {{Portal|Money}} * [[Ancient Chinese coinage]] * [[History of Chinese currency]] * [[Knife money]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of ancient China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Zhou dynasty]] .

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  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources to use

[edit]
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/05/27/rare-three-hole-spade-sold-at-auction/|title= Rare ‘Three Hole Spade’ Sold at Auction.|date=27 May 2013|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpadeAuction"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/10/14/knife-and-spade-money-from-state-of-yan-unearthed-in-hebei/|title= Knife and Spade Money from State of Yan Unearthed in Hebei.|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekStateOfYanKnifeAndSpadeHoard"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/12/11/three-hole-spades/|title= Three Hole Spades.|date=11 December 2012|accessdate=4 April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekThreeHoleSpades"/>
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