User:Donald Trung/String of cash coins (currency unit)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "String of cash coins (currency unit)" and is preserved for attribution. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:10, 19 August 2019 (UTC).

Original draft[edit]

[[File:為1917年，一位男子脖子上掛著13,500個銅板。銅錢貶值，物價上漲，購物時不得不背上幾十斤重的銅錢串。(Coloured).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Sichuan]]ese man carrying 13,000 [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] in strings on his shoulders in 1917 during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|early days of the Republic of China]].]] A '''string of cash coins''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 貫, 索, 緡, 吊, 串, 弔, 錢貫, 貫錢,{{efn|In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (''quán tiền'').}} 貫文, 吊文, or 串文) refers to a historical [[China|Chinese]], [[Japan]]ese, [[Korea]]n, [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]], and [[Vietnam]]ese currency unit that was used as a superunit of the [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash]], [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese mon]], [[Korean mun]], [[Ryukyuan mon]], and [[Vietnamese cash|Vietnamese văn]] currencies. The square hole in the middle of cash coins served to allow for them to be strung together in strings, the term would later also be used on banknotes and served there as a superunit of ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' (文).{{efn|Usually 1000 ''wén'', but the number could be substantially different depending on the time and place.}} Prior to the [[Song dynasty]] strings of cash coins were called ''guàn'' (貫), ''suǒ'' (索), or ''mín'' (緡), while during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] they were called ''chuàn'' (串) or ''diào'' (吊).<ref>Chinesecoins.lyq.dk [http://chinesecoins.lyq.dk/weights.html Weights and units in Chinese coinage] Section: “Guan 貫, Suo 索, Min 緡, Diao 吊, Chuan 串.” by Lars Bo Christensen. Retrieved: 05 February 2018.</ref><ref>The Mahjong Tile Set [https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/earliest-suit-names/ From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)’s Earliest Suit Names] by Michael Stanwick and Hongbing Xu. Retrieved: 5 February 2018.</ref> In Japan and Vietnam the term "貫" would continue to be used until the abolition of cash coins in those respective countries. During the Qing dynasty a string of 1000 cash coins and valued at 1 [[tael]] of silver (but variants of regional standards as low as 500 cash coins per string also existed),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/zhiqian.html|title= zhiqian 制錢, standard cash|date=25 May 2016|accessdate=27 August 2018|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>Department of Economic History - London School of Economics [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/mad1/ma_pdf_files/Ma%20money%20for%20calamoris%20neal%2012-2011.pdf Money and Monetary System in China in 19-20th Century: an Overview] by Debin Ma. Economic History Department London School of Economics Dec. 2011 Chapter contribution to Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization edited by [[Charles Calomiris]] and Larry Neal forthcoming with Elsevier. Published: January 2012. Retrieved: 05 February 2018.</ref>{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=18}} 1000 coins strung together were referred to as a ''chuàn'' (串) or ''diào'' (吊) and were accepted by traders and merchants per string because counting the individual coins would cost too much time. Because the strings were often accepted without being checked for damaged coins and coins of inferior quality and copper-allots these strings would eventually be accepted based on their nominal value rather than their weight, this system is comparable to that of a [[fiat currency]]. Because the counting and stringing together of cash coins was such a time consuming task people known as ''qiánpù'' (錢鋪) would string cash coins together in strings of 100 coins of which ten wouldn form a single ''chuàn''. The ''qiánpù'' would receive payment for their services in the form of taking a few cash coins from every string they composed, because of this a ''chuàn'' was more likely to consist of 990 coins rather than 1000 coins and because the profession of ''qiánpù'' had become a universally accepted practice these ''chuàns'' were often still nominally valued at 1000 cash coins.<ref>Lloyd Eastman, Family, Fields, and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949, Oxford University Press (1988), 108-112.</ref><ref>Village Life in China: A study in sociology door Arthur H. Smith, D.D. New York, Chicago, Toronto. Uitgever: Fleming H. Revell Company (Publishers of Evangelical Literature) Auteursrecht: 1899 door Fleming H. Revell Company</ref> The number of coins in a single string was locally determined as in one district a string could consist of 980 cash coins, while in another district this could only be 965 cash coins, these numbers were based on the local salaries of the ''qiánpù''.<ref>Wang Yü-Ch’üan, Early Chinese coinage, The American numismatic society, New York, 1951.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/09/28/stringing-cash-coins/|title= Stringing Cash Coins.|date=28 September 2016|accessdate=3 October 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/guttagsforeigncu00gutt#page/45/mode/1up Guttag’s Foreign Currency and Exchange Guide] (1921) Uitgegever: Guttag Bros. Numismatics New York, U.S.A. Accessed: 3 October 2017.</ref> During the Qing dynasty the ''qiánpù'' would often search for older and rarer coins to sell these to [[Coin collecting|coin collectors]] at a higher price. The number of cash coins which had to be strung together to form a string differed both from region to region as time period or by the materials used to manufacture the cash coins, for example under the reign of the [[Tự Đức]] Emperor of the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] one string of cash coins included 600 zinc coins,<ref>Art-Hanoi [http://art-hanoi.com/library/articlethierry.pdf CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.] This is a translation of the article “Monnaies et circulation monetairé au Vietnam dans l’ère Tự Đức (1848-1883) by Francois Thierry Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). Pgs 267-313. This translation is from pages 274-297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 15 April 2018.</ref> while during later days of the [[French Indochina|French colonial period]] a string of cash coins was 500 copper-alloy coins. In Vietnam a string of cash coins had the nominal value of 1 [[Mexican peso]] or 1 [[French Indochinese piastre]].<ref name="JEAN2I">{{Cite web|url= https://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean/81|title=Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)|date=20 April 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018|work=Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Dr. R. Allan Barker. (2004) The historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam. {{ISBN|981-05-2300-9}}</ref> During the late 19th century in Qing China some currency systems were named after how many cash coins made up a string such as the ''Jingqian'' (京錢, "metropolitan cash") or ''Zhongqian'' (中錢)<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref> which was an [[exchange rate]] that was used in the capital city of [[Beijing]], the ''Jingqian'' system allowed a nominal debt of 2 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' (文) could be paid out using only one physical cash coins instead of two, in this system a string of Beijing cash coins (吊) required only 500 cash coins as opposed to the majority of China which used 1000 cash coins for a string (串).<ref name="QingPaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-baochao.html|title= Qing Period Paper Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=15 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile in the ''Dongqian'' (東錢, "Eastern cash") system, an exchange rate used for cash coins in the [[Fengtian province]], only 160 cash coins were needed to make up a string. Although the term appeared frequently on banknotes the only cash coin to have ever had the currency unit "String of cash coins" as a part of its inscription was the Nguyễn dynasty era [[Tự Đức Bảo Sao]] (嗣德寶鈔) 1 ''quán'' cash coin (準當一貫, ''chuẩn đang nhất quán''), which was worth 600 [[Vietnamese văn (currency unit)|văn]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/coins/vn/tuduc900van.shtml#ref1|title= Vietnamese Coin - Tu Duc Bao Sao 9 Mach.|date=30 November 2001|accessdate=29 March 2018|work=Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website)|language=en}}</ref><ref>François Thierry de Crussol, ''Catalogue des monnaies Vietnamiennes'', Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 1987. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> == Banknotes == [[File:1 Chuàn wén - De Sheng Chang (德盛長) issue (Republic 8 - 1919).jpg|thumb|left|A banknote from the Republic of China of 1 ''chuàn wén'' (串文, or a string of cash coins) issued by the Da Sheng Chang in the year 1919.]] During the [[Song dynasty]] the first series of standard government [[Jiaozi (currency)|Jiaozi]] notes were issued in 1024 with denominations like 1 ''guàn'' (貫, or 700 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]''), 1 ''mín'' (緡, or 1000 ''wén''), up to 10 ''guàn''. In 1039 only banknotes of 5 ''guàn'' and 10 ''guàn'' were issued, and in 1068 a denomination of 1 ''guàn'' was introduced which became forty percent of all circulating Jiaozi banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/jiaozi.html|title= jiaozi 交子 and qianyin 錢引, early paper money.|date= 10 May 2016|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= 2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald - ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art|language=en}}</ref> The [[Huizi (currency)|Huizi]] also continued to use these currency units. Between the years of 1161 and 1166 the government of the Song dynasty had produced 28,000,000 ''dào'' (道, equal to a ''guàn'' or 1000 ''wén'') in Huizi notes. The exchange rate between [[Guanzi (currency)|Guanzi]] banknotes and [[Cash (Chinese coin)|copper cash coins]] was 1 ''guàn'' for 770 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' while huizi notes of the eighteenth production period were valued at 3 ''guàn'' for 1 ''wén''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/guanzi.html|title= guanzi 關子, a type of paper money.|date= 10 May 2016|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= 2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald - ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-paper-money-195167|title= The Invention of Paper Money - History of Chinese Currency|date=8 March 2017|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= Kallie Szczepanski (for ThoughtCo.)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ResearchGate"> ResearchGate [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243793728_Study_of_the_corrosion_from_the_printing_plates_of_Guan_Zi%27_by_Raman_spectroscopy Study of the corrosion from the printing plates of `Guan Zi' by Raman spectroscopy] by Jilong Shi, Tao Li, Min Feng, Zhenwei Mao, and Changsui Wang. Received 22 April 2005; Accepted 13 December 2005; Retrieved: 06 February 2018.</ref> During the last days of the Southern Song dynasty China was suffering from inflation to the poiint that the value of the Huizi had lowered so much that a ''guàn'' was only accepted at between 300 to 400 cash coins, which caused people to start hoarding these coins and remove them from circulation which had a devastating effect on the economy. As [[Mongol conquest of China|the Mongols continued marching south]] the Chinese military required more money causing the government to print an excessive amount of Huizi banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/huizi.html|title= huizi 會子, a type of paper money.|date= 10 May 2016|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= 2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald - ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art|language=en}}</ref> The ''guàn'' currency unit would later also be used by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] and the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] on their [[Jiaochao]] banknotes, though due to [[hyperinflation]] these currencies would not be able to be exchanged with any real cash coins and under Mongol rule non-paper forms of currency were abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-paper-money-195167|title= The Invention of Paper Money - History of Chinese Currency|date=8 March 2017|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= Kallie Szczepanski (for ThoughtCo.)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://onepercentfinance.com/2017/02/16/the-history-of-paper-money-part-2-not-just-noodles/|title= The History of Paper Money – Part 2: Not Just Noodles.|date=16 February 2017|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= One Percenter (for One Percent)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/chinese-dynasties-997/the-yuan-dynasty-1010/trade-and-currency-under-the-yuan-1012-17614/|title= Trade and Currency under the Yuan|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=14 June 2017|work= Boundless|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://observer.com/2015/03/what-wall-street-can-learn-from-the-mongol-empire/|title=10 March 2015 What Wall Street Can Learn From The Mongol Empire.|date=|accessdate=6 February 2018|work= Kabir Sehgal (for the Observer)|language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Ming dynasty]] the [[Da-Ming Baochao]] would also continue using ''guàn'' as a currency unit for its denominations.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://history.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0819/c372329-25496409.html|title= "大明寶鈔"七十年內貶值一百倍說明了什麼？.|date=19 August 2014|accessdate=14 September 2018|author= 游宇明|publisher= people.cn|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="BBC72">{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode72/|title= Episode 72 - Ming banknote.|date=2014|accessdate=14 September 2018|work= A history of the world ([[BBC]] in cooperation with the [[British Museum]])/|language=en}}</ref> The 1 ''guàn'' Da-Ming Baochao banknote was originally good for 1,000 copper-alloy cash coins and had a size of 36.4×22cm, thus made it the largest Chinese paper banknote ever produced. In the middle of its design was an image of a string of cash coins (錢貫) to show what it was worth. At the bottom of the Da-Ming Baochao banknote was a text which explained that it was issued by the Zhongshusheng (中書省, "Palace Secretariat"), and that it was a valid type of currency used concurrently with copper-alloy cash coins, and that counterfeiters would face a penalty, and those who notified the authorities of counterfeiting would be highly rewarded. Despite originally circulating concurrently with cash coins the Da-Ming Baochao became a [[fiat currency]] and would later no longer be able to be exchanged for any actual cash coins.<ref name="ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/papermoney.html|title= Paper Money in Premodern China.|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=27 March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]]|language=en}}</ref> Privately-produced [[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|banknotes of the Qing dynasty]], as is usual for China, had a great variety of names designating them across the country with names being used such as ''Pingtie'' (憑帖), ''Duitie'' (兌帖), ''Shangtie'' (上帖), ''Hupingtie'' (壺瓶帖), or ''Qitie'' (期帖). The denominations used on them varied greatly with some reaching as high as 5 ''diào'' (吊).<ref name="QingPaperMoney"/> During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|early days of the Republic of China]] the currency units of ''chuàn wén'' and ''diào wén'' were still being used on banknotes and ''zhuangpiao''.<ref name="HMKCCZhuangPiao">{{cite web|url= https://hmkcc.hk/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%8B%E6%8B%8D%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E8%A8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%89%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E9%8C%A2%E8%8E%8A%E7%A5%A8%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%B0%88%E5%A0%B4/|title= 嘉德秋拍：增設石長有先生錢莊票收藏專場.|date=2018|accessdate=17 August 2019|author=好旺角收藏網 (hmkcckingoutlook-com/)|publisher= hmkcc.hk|language=en}}</ref> == ''Kan'' (weight unit) == The ''kan'' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]] 貫, alternatively ''kamme'' 貫目) as a [[Japanese units of measurement|Japanese unit of measurement]] is a bead weight for [[cultured pearl]]s. ''kan'' equals one thousand ''monme'' or 3.75 [[Kilogram|kg]]. The modern ''kan'' was officially established in the Japanese Law of Weights & Measures of 1891. It is still used worldwide as a weight indicator for cultured pearls.<ref>{{cite web| title=What is a Pearl Momme? | url=https://www.winterson.co.uk/blog/2011/04/what-is-a-pearl-momme/ | date=April 2004 | author=Winterson Limited | accessdate=2019-02-07 | quote=For these larger lots, pearls are sold by weight and the measure used is typically the ''momme'', a traditional Japanese unit of weight measurement that is equal to 3.75 grams. [...] For even larger lots of pearls, auctioneers may use the ''kan'' weight of measurement, which is equal to 1,000 momme. }}</ref> == Contemporary Western commentaries on strings of cash coins == === Qing dynasty === [[File:William L. Sachtleben (right) with a Russian friend “loaded with enough Chinese ‘cash’ to pay for a meal at a Kuldja restaurant” (1892).jpg|right|thumb|[[William Sachtleben]] (right) with a [[Russia]]n friend with enough strings of cash coins to pay for a meal at a restaurant in [[Yining|Ghulja]] in 1892.]] [[United States|American]] bicyclist [[William Sachtleben]] visited the city of [[Yining|Ghulja]] in 1892 was preparing to cycle to [[Beijing]] but while preparing for his trip together with the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] consul noted the difficulty in transporting strings of cash coins stating: {{Quote|"We thought we had sufficient money to carry us, or, rather, as much as we could carry…for the weight of the Chinese money necessary for a journey of over three thousand miles was, as the Russian consul thought, one of the greatest of our almost insurmountable obstacles. In the interior of China there is no coin except the chen or sapeks, an alloy of copper and tin, in the form of a disk, having a hole in the center by which the coins may be strung together." - William Lewis Sachtleben}} Sachtleben noted how there were no [[Qianzhuang|money exchange banks]] in the Chinese interior, of the ability to use and exchange the cash coins Sachtleben noted: {{Quote|"All, however, would have to be weighed in the tinza, or small Chinese scales we carried with us, and on which were marked the [[Chinese units of measurement|fün, tchan, and liang]] of the monetary scale. But the value of these terms is reckoned in chen (Chinese cash coins), and changes with almost every district. This necessity for vigilance, together with the frequency of bad silver and loaded [[Sycee|yambas]], and the propensity of the Chinese to “knock down” on even the smallest purchase, tends to convert a traveler in China into a veritable [[Shylock]]." - William Lewis Sachtleben}} Eventually Sachtleben and the Russian consul managed to exchange the strings of cash coins for [[Mexican peso|silver coins]] as they were easier to carry on their trip, but noted how the money that they had to carry was much heavier than their camera equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/09/06/cycling-across-imperial-china/|title= Cycling Across Imperial China.|date=6 September 2013|accessdate=18 August 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Thomas Gaskell Allen & William Lewis Sachtleben (1895) [[:File:Across Asia on a Bicycle - The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking by Thomas Gaskell Allen & William Lewis Sachtleben.pdf|Across Asia on a Bicycle - The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking]] - [[Wikimedia Commons]]. Retrieved: 18 August 2019.</ref> [[United Kingdom|British]] explorer [[Isabella Bird]] wrote of the annoyance that strings of cash coins caused to the Chinese she witnessed in her travels stating: {{Quote|"Exchanging eighteen [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings English]] for brass cash, the weight of them amounted to seventy-two pounds, which had to be carried by the [[coolies]]". - Isabella Lucy Bird<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/07/20/carrying-cash-in-imperial-china/|title= Carrying Cash in Imperial China.|date=20 July 2013|accessdate=18 August 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>}} === Nguyễn dynasty (French Indochina) === During the colonial era in [[French Cochinchina]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese sapèques]] (known as [[Li (unit)|lý]]) were exclusively used as [[casino token]]s by gambling houses and weren't used for other purchases unless trade was being conducted with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. The general conversion rate was 1000 lý = 1 [[Tael|lạng]] = 7.50 French francs. The sapèques which circulated at the time of French Cochinchina were made from [[zinc]] and had a very distinctive square centre hole allowing for them to be strung into strings of 1000 zinc sapèques or 600 [[copper-alloy]] sapèques, these strings were known as ''quán tiền'' (貫錢) in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and as ''ligatures'' or ''chapalets'' in [[French language|French]]. Each string is further subdivided into 10 tiền consisting of 60 sapèques, these coins were valued in their quantity rather than in weight. These coins usually featured the [[Vietnamese era name|reign or era title]] of the reigning Nguyễn monarch and were extremely poorly manufactured with bad alloys causing the strings to often break with many sapèques breaking resulting in considerable losses for their owners due to their brittleness. [[Charles Lemire]] described the heavy nature and difficult mobility of strings of sapèques as "a currency worthy of [[Lycurgus of Sparta]]" and ''non numerantur, sed ponderantur'' ("They are not counted but weighed").<ref name="Lemire">{{cite web|url= http://www.historicvietnam.com/saigon-cholon-in-1868/|title= Saigon-Cholon in 1868, by Charles Lemire.|date=29 December 2015|accessdate=4 March 2019|author= timdolinghcmc@gmail.com|publisher= First published in the 1869 journal Annales des voyages, de la géographie, de l’histoire et de l’archéologie, edited by Victor-Adolphe Malte-Brun, Charles Lemire’s article “Coup d’oeil sur la Cochinchine Française et le Cambodge” gives us a fascinating portrait of Saigon-Chợ Lớn less than 10 years after the arrival of the French.|language=en}}</ref> To the French zinc coinage also presented a huge in inconvenience since their colonisation of Cochinchina in 1859 as the exchange between [[French franc]]s and zinc [[Tự Đức Thông Bảo]] (嗣德通寶) văn meant that a large amount of zinc coins were exchanged for the French franc. Zinc cash coins often broke during transportation as the strings that kept them together would often snap the coins would fall on the ground and a great number of them would break into pieces, and these coins were also less resistant to oxidation causing them to corrode faster than other coinages. {{Quote|"Another serious disadvantage consisted in the total absence of token coinages other than the inconvenient sapèque one of zinc: one needed an artillery van to go exchange 1,000 francs in ligatures for the one sapèques, since it had the weight of a barrel and half.... and at the market, the chicken weighed some times less than its price in currency." - J. Silvestre, [[:File:Vietnamese coinage and medals (Monnaies et de Médailles de l'Annam et de la Cochinchine Française) by J. Silvestre (1883).pdf|Monnaies et de Médailles de l'Annam et de la Cochinchine Française (1883)]].}} Prior to 1849 brass coins had become an extreme rarity and only circulated in the provinces surrounding the capital cities of Vietnam, but under [[Tự Đức]] new regulations and (uniform) standards for copper cash coins were created to help promote their usage. Between 1868 and 1872 brass coins were only around 50% copper, and 50% zinc. Due to the natural scarcity of copper in Vietnam the country always lacked the resources to produce sufficient copper coinage for circulation.<ref>Art-Hanoi [http://art-hanoi.com/library/articlethierry.pdf CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.] This is a translation of the article "Monnaies et circulation monetairé au Vietnam dans l'ère Tự Đức (1848–1883) by François Thierry Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). Pgs 267-313. This translation is from pages 274-297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 24 July 2017.</ref> == Galleries == === Strung cash coins === {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | Strings of cash coins |- | <gallery> Image:五铢钱海昏侯国遗址1.JPG|Strings of Western [[Han dynasty]] [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) cash coins. Image:Bundles of 100 copper Mon coins.jpg|Strings of 100 [[Japanese mon (currency)|Japanese cash coins]] cast during the [[Edo period]]. Image:Qiánpù stringing cash coins (Village Life in China A Study in Sociology – 1899).jpg|A group of [[Qing dynasty]] era ''qiánpù'' stringing cash coins together in 1899. Image:Strings of cash coins (Village Life in China A Study in Sociology – 1899).jpg|A 1899 photograph of [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing dynasty cash coins]]. Image:Photograph of a man carrying cash coins during the Qing Dynasty (J.F. Bishop).jpg|A Qing dynasty era man carrying strings of cash coins on his shoulder in the year 1900. Image:Chinesische-Käschschnüre.JPG|Strings of cash coins on display at the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. Image:Strings of cash coins in the National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi (2018).jpg|An unearthed bowl with a string of cash coins in it on display at the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]] in [[Hanoi]]. Image:String of 200 Cash Coins - Northern Song Dynasty - Scott Semans.jpg|Strings of 200 cash coins from the [[Northern Song dynasty]] period. </gallery> |} === Strings of cash coins used as a currency unit on banknotes === {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | Banknotes denominated in "String(s) of cash coins" |- | <gallery> Image:圖7-71 宋金銀見錢關子版分版印樣 02.jpg|A [[Guanzi (currency)|Guanzi]] banknote of 1 ''guàn wén'' (貫文) issued by the [[Southern Song dynasty]]. Image:五贯宝卷.jpg|A [[Jiaochao]] banknote of 5 ''guàn'' (貫) issued by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]. Image:1 Guàn (1000 wén) - Treasury of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1399) 01.jpg|A [[Da-Ming Baochao]] banknote of 1 ''guàn'' (貫) issued by the [[Ming dynasty]]. Image:1 Chuàn wén (壹串文) - Yong Sheng Jin Money Shop, Yaozhou Branch (陝西耀州永盛金號) issue 錢帖 (道光十八年 - 1838年) Zhuokearts.jpg|A Chinese ''zhuangpiao'' banknote of 1 ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the Yong Sheng Jin Money Shop in the year 1838 during the [[Qing dynasty]]. Image:1 Chuàn wén (壹串文) - De Long Su Dian, Yaozhou Branch (陝西耀州小坵鎮德隆粟店) issue 錢帖 (道光二十二年 - 1842年) Zhuokearts.jpg|A Chinese ''zhuangpiao'' banknote of 1 ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the De Long Su Dian in the year 1842 during the Qing dynasty. Image:1 Chuàn wén (壹串文) - Fulong Zhang Money Shop, Shaanxi Branch (陝西耀州北街複隆張號執照) issue (道光二十九年 - 1849年) Zhuokearts.jpg|A Chinese ''zhuangpiao'' banknote of 1 ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the Fulong Zhang Money Shop in the year 1849 during the Qing dynasty. Image:湖北省 1 Chuàn - Hupeh Provincial Bank (1900) 01.jpg|A Chinese provincial banknote ([[Hubei Guanpiao]]) of ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the [[Hupeh Provincial Bank]] in the year 1900 during the Qing dynasty. Image:湖南省 1 Chuàn - Hunan Government Bank (1904) 01.jpg|A Chinese provincial banknote of ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the [[Hunan Provincial Bank]] in the year 1904 during the Qing dynasty. Image:1 Tiao (98 Jingqian) - Yonghe Residence Co., Ltd. (深縣城內永和居兌換券) issue (民國三年, 1915).png|A Chinese ''zhuangpiao'' banknote of 1 tiao (吊) or 98 Jingqian cash coins (京錢) issued by the Yonghe Residence Co., Ltd. in 1914. Image:16 Tiao or 500 Coppers - Hio Lung Kiang Government Bank (1918).jpg|A Chinese banknote of 16 tiao (吊) or 500 [[Copper coin (currency unit)|coppers]] (枚) issued by the [[Hio Lung Kiang Government Bank]] in 1918. Image:1 Tiao or 49 Copper cents - Provincial Bank of Shantung (1925) 01.jpg|A Chinese banknote of 1 tiao (吊) or 49 [[Copper coin (currency unit)|copper cents]] (枚) issued by the [[Provincial Bank of Shantung]] in 1925. Image:1 Tiao or 49 Copper cents - Provincial Bank of Shantung (1925) 02.jpg|A Chinese banknote of 1 tiao (吊) or 49 copper cents (枚) issued by the Provincial Bank of Shantung in 1925. Image:5 Tiao or 245 Copper cents - Provincial Bank of Shantung (1925) 02.jpg|A Chinese banknote of 5 tiao (吊) or 245 copper cents (枚) issued by the Provincial Bank of Shantung in 1925. Image:500 Copper coins or 10 Tiao - Provincial Bank of Shantung (1926) 02.jpg|A Chinese banknote of 10 tiao (吊) or 500 copper cents (枚) issued by the Provincial Bank of Shantung in 1926. Note how the number of cash coins in a string gets progressively less based on how much strings the banknote is worth, though 10 of the 1 tiao notes would only be worth 490 copper cents. Image:1 Chuàn - Fu Ching Chien Chü Shensi (1926).jpg|A Chinese banknote of 1 ''chuàn wén'' (串文) by the [[Fu Ching Chien Chü Shensi]] in 1926. Image:1 Tiao - Kirin Yung Heng Provincial Bank (1928) Provisional issues 01.jpg|A Chinese banknote of 1 tiao (吊) issued by the [[Kirin Yung Heng Provincial Bank]] in the year 1928. Note that this banknote was printed during the reign of the Qing [[Xuantong Emperor]] but was re-issued under the Republic. </gallery> |} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. {{Commonscat|Strings of cash coins}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{Japanese currency and coinage}} {{Vietnamese currency and coinage}} {{Qing dynasty currency}} [[:Category:Coins of ancient China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

Standard reference templates[edit]

August 2019.

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<ref name="ChinaKnowledge">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= .|date=|accessdate=August 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>

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May 2019.

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April 2019.

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March 2019.

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To use[edit]

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/papermoney.html|title= Paper Money in Premodern China.|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=27 March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney"/>

<ref name="QingPaperMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-baochao.html|title= Qing Period Paper Money.|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=27 March 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="QingPaperMoney"/>

<ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes1">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Foreign_Banks_in_China_Part-I.pdf|title= THE FOREIGN BANKS IN CHINA, PART I - EARLY IMPERIAL ISSUES (1850-1900) by John E. Sandrock - The Opening of China to the Outside World.|date=1997|accessdate=1 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes1"/>

<ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes2">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Foreign_Banks_in_China_Part-II.pdf|title=FOREIGN BANKS IN CHINA, Part II - IMPERIAL CHINESE ISSUES (1900-1911) by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=10 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockForeignBanknotes2"/>

<ref name="SandrockCopperCashNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Copper_Cash_Notes_-_Part_II.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - Part II - CH'ING DYNASTY COPPER CASH NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=20 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockCopperCashNotes"/>

<ref name="SandrockSilverTaelNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Silver_Tael_Notes_-_Part_III.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - PART III - CH'ING DYNASTY SILVER TAEL NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=29 June 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="SandrockSilverTaelNotes"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQianzhuang">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/qianzhuang.html|title= ''qianzhuang'' 錢莊, private banks.|date=24 November 2015|accessdate=9 August 2019|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQianzhuang"/>

Redirects[edit]

#REDIRECT [[String of cash coins (currency unit)]]

Sources to use[edit]

https://hmkcc.hk/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%8B%E6%8B%8D%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E8%A8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%89%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E9%8C%A2%E8%8E%8A%E7%A5%A8%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%B0%88%E5%A0%B4/
- <ref name="HMKCCZhuangPiao">{{cite web|url= https://hmkcc.hk/%E5%98%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%8B%E6%8B%8D%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E8%A8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%89%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E9%8C%A2%E8%8E%8A%E7%A5%A8%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%B0%88%E5%A0%B4/|title= 嘉德秋拍：增設石長有先生錢莊票收藏專場.|date=2018|accessdate=17 August 2019|author=好旺角收藏網 (hmkcckingoutlook-com/)|publisher= hmkcc.hk|language=en}}</ref>
 - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:27, 17 August 2019 (UTC).

<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/09/06/cycling-across-imperial-china/|title= Cycling Across Imperial China.|date=6 September 2013|accessdate=18 August 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>Thomas Gaskell Allen & William Lewis Sachtleben (1895)[[:File:Across Asia on a Bicycle - The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking by Thomas Gaskell Allen & William Lewis Sachtleben.pdf|Across Asia on a Bicycle - The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking]] - [[Wikimedia Commons]]. Retrieved: 18 August 2019.</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:39, 18 August 2019 (UTC).

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31111?msg=welcome_stranger#Pg149
- Uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:25, 18 August 2019 (UTC).

<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/07/20/carrying-cash-in-imperial-china/|title= Carrying Cash in Imperial China.|date=20 July 2013|accessdate=18 August 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:39, 18 August 2019 (UTC).