User:Donald Trung/Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔)
This page 📃 serves as the "editing history" of the article Tự Đức Bảo Sao prior to it's launch, and is preserved purely for the historical record.
Original draft[edit]
{{Infobox coin | Denomination = Tự Đức Bảo Sao<br>(嗣德寶鈔) | Country = [[File:Nguyen Dynasty.png|20px]] [[Nguyễn dynasty|Đại Nam]] | Value = 10 [[Vietnamese cash|văn]], 20 văn, 30 văn, 40 văn, 50 văn, 60 văn, 2 [[Tiền|mạch]], 3 mạch, 8 mạch, 9 mạch, and 1 [[Cash (Chinese coin)#Stringing of cash coins|quán]] | Unit = | Mass_g = | Diameter_mm = | Diameter_inch = | Diameter_special = <!-- used for specialized formatting, or adding references to infobox--> | Thickness_mm = | Thickness_inch = | Thickness_special = <!-- used for specialized formatting, or adding references to infobox--> | Composition = [[Copper-alloy]] ([[brass]]) | Years of Minting = 1861–1883<ref>W. Op den Velde, "Cash coin index. The Cash Coins of Vietnam", [[Amsterdam]], 1996.</ref> | Mintage = <!-- used with single issue coins, or the total for the series if known --> | Circulation = | Catalog Number = <!-- or | Catalogue Number = --> | Obverse = Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) - Art-Hanoi 01.jpg | Obverse Design = Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) | Obverse Designer = | Obverse Design Date = | Obverse Discontinued = | Reverse = | Reverse Design = See below | Reverse Designer = | Reverse Design Date = | Reverse Discontinued = }} The '''Tự Đức Bảo Sao''' ([[Hán tự]]: 嗣德寶鈔) was a large denomination [[Vietnamese cash]] coin produced under the reign of Emperor [[Tự Đức]] from 1861 to complement the contemporary [[Tự Đức Thông Bảo]] (嗣德通寶) copper and zinc cash coins with larger nominal values. These coins were very badly received by the general population as their [[intrinsic value]] was relatively low compared to their nominal value and for this reason the Vietnamese government reduced the value of a single [[Tiền]] to 50 văn and allowed these coins to be used for the payment of taxes.<ref> ED. TODA. ([[Shanghai]], [[Qing dynasty]] 1882) [http://art-hanoi.com/toda ANNAM and its minor currency.] Retrieved: 15 April 2018.</ref><ref>H.A. Ramsden, ''The high value issues of the Tu Duc series of Annamese coins'', East Asia Journal, vol. 2, 55-62, 1995.</ref><ref>Tang Guo Yen, Chang Shi Chuan Yuenan lishi huobi (in Vietnamese Lich suu dong tien Vietnam - The Vietnamese historical currency), 1993, published by the Yunnan and Guangxi Numismatic Society (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref><ref>Annam Études Numismatiques by Albert Schroeder.</ref> The Tự Đức Bảo Sao is the first Vietnamese cash coin series that uses the denomination ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|văn]]'' (文) replacing the earlier weight based denomination of ''[[Vietnamese units of measurement#Weight|phân]]'' (分).<ref>Dai Nam Hoi Dien Su Le" (Administrative statute of Dai Nam) published by Thuan Hoa, Viet Nam 1993. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]])</ref><ref>"Dai Nam Thuc Luc" (A veritable chronicle of Dai Nam) published by Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi, [[Hanoi]] 1962, written by the Cabinet of Nguyễn Dynasty. (in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]])</ref> == History == The Tự Đức Bảo Sao or ''Đồng Sao'' (銅鈔, billets of copper) were introduced by the Ministry of Finance in the year Tự Đức 14 (1961) for large transactions and taxes on behalf of stores of the government of [[Vietnam|Đại Nam]], the introduction of the Tự Đức Bảo Sao marked the redefinition of the [[Tiền|tiền]] or mạch denominations and the quàn (strings of cash coins) where the quàn was made equal to 10 mạch and the mạch was made the equivalent of 60 zinc cash coins, under these exchange rates 1 quàn was worth a string of 600 zinc cash coins. The ''Đồng Sao'' series of cash coins was introduced as zinc cash coins were heavy in quantity to carry around for the payment of larger sums of money, to this end the government introduced a system of monetary units determined by their nominal value in zinc cash coins as opposed to their intrinsic market value, it is possible that this might have been inspired by [[Qing dynasty coinage#Inflation during the 19th century|contemporary Chinese coinage of the Xianfeng era in the Qing dynasty]] where large denomination coins from 4 up to 1000 văn circulated alongside each other with little to no difference in intrinsic value in a [[Fiat currency|fiduciary system]], this system was also used by the Vietnamese. When the Tự Đức Bảo Sao was first proposed the [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarins]] of the imperial court of Đại Nam suggested to simply increase the weight of the brass Tự Đức Thông Bảo to make them worth more relative to the zinc Tự Đức Thông Bảo cash coins as 1 brass cash coin with a weight of 9 phần was worth four zinc cash coins. The value of the ''Đồng Sao'' cash coins was indicated on the reverses of the coins expressed in their worth in zinc cash coins preceded by the character {{linktext|準}} (chuẩn, regarded as equal to), despite the fact that Sao (鈔) means "paper money", though imperfectly the denominations of these coins attempted to take the respective value of brass and zinc cash coins into account which means that they can’t be fully qualified as a fiat currency. The Ministry of Finances of Đại Nam originally set the exchange rate between the brass Tự Đức Bảo Sao and zinc cash coins heavily in favour of the larger denominations which wasn't accepted by the market which resulted in the imperial court attempting to adjust the exchange rate more to the contemporary exchange values of brass and zinc cash coins that were in circulation. In January 1868 by decree the exchange rate between brass 9 phần cash and zinc cash coins was fixed 1:4 replacing the early ratio of 1:2.67 that had been in place since 1858. The Tự Đức Bảo Sao was generally well received by the population of Đại Nam despite the fact that their circulation was reduced due to their high purchasing power relative to their intrinsic value until their weight was decreased, which was done by the government to conform to the new official exchange between brass and zinc cash coins. From September 1870 the Tự Đức Bảo Sao series of cash coins has had their weight decreased, but kept the same nominal values and denominations. 80% of the Tự Đức Bảo Sao cash coins produced in the 1870 series were of the 60 văn denomination. The ratio in the alloy between copper and zinc of this series was highly irregular with the coins of 10 văn being 25% copper and 75% zinc while the coins of 60 văn were only 11.1% copper and 88.9% zinc. A decree enacted in 1870 halved the market value of zinc cash coins which maximised the profitability the government was making on the production of the Tự Đức Bảo Sao as they were low in weight relative to their nominal value. These new policies caused the Tự Đức Bảo Sao to fail however as the population were unhappy with these coins which were already little used, as these newer coins of decreased weight were rejected by the people they had to be re-melted as they were only used when people were forced to by the politicians. These coins were abandoned almost immediately after their manufacture and were rarely held by private individuals, they were however held in large quantities by metal founders and antique merchants especially in places like [[Hanoi]] where there were a lot of [[Europe]]ans. The other series of Tự Đức Bảo Sao cash coins is not denominated in văn (number of cash coins) but in accounting units like mạch (陌) and quán (貫, strings of cash coins), unlike the previous coins denominated in văn these coins could be considered to be a fiat currency. This series of the Tự Đức Bảo Sao is not mentioned in the contemporary Vietnamese annals. The intrinsic value of these coins is often only ten times as high as the lower denomination cash coins while their nominal value is a hundred times higher, it is possible that these coins were not introduced as their nominal value would be too different from the current system to be accepted by the population.<ref>Art-Hanoi [http://art-hanoi.com/library/articlethierry.pdf CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.] This is a translation of the article “Monnaies et circulation monetairé au Vietnam dans l’ère Tự Đức (1848-1883) by Francois Thierry Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). Pgs 267-313. This translation is from pages 274-297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 15 April 2018.</ref> == List of Tự Đức Bảo Sao cash coins == List of large denomination cash coins issued under Emperor Tự Đức:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/coins/vn/tuduc900van.shtml#ref1|title= Vietnamese Coin - Tu Duc Bao Sao 9 Mach.|date=30 November 2001|accessdate=29 March 2018|work=Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website)|language=en}}</ref><ref>François Thierry de Crussol, ''Catalogue des monnaies Vietnamiennes'', Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 1987. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Denomination !! [[Hán tự]]<br>(reverse inscription) !! Years of mintage !! Weight !! [[Eduardo Toda y Güell|Toda]] image !! Image |- | 10 văn || 準十文<br>(Chuẩn thập văn) || 1861 || 5.66 g. || None || |- | 10 văn || 準文一十<br>(Chuẩn nhất văn thập) || 1870 || 5.66 g. || None || |- | 20 văn || 準文二十<br>(Chuẩn văn nhị thập) || 1861–1870 || 11.33 g. || None || |- | 30 văn || 準文三十<br>(Chuẩn văn tam thập) || 1861–1870 || || None || |- | 40 văn || 準文四十<br>(Chuẩn văn tứ thập) || 1870 || 12.20 g. || None || |- | 50 văn || 準文五十<br>(Chuẩn văn ngũ thập) || 1861 || 23.40 g. || [[File:Toda No. 239 嗣德寶鈔.png|75px]] || |- | 50 văn || 準文五十<br>(Chuẩn văn ngũ thập) || 1870 || 12.75 g. || [[File:Toda No. 239 嗣德寶鈔.png|75px]] || [[File:Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) - Art-Hanoi 02.jpg|75px]] |- | 60 văn || 準文六十<br>(Chuẩn văn lục thập) || 1870 || 12.20 g. || [[File:Toda No. 236 嗣德寶鈔.png|75px]] || [[File:Annam TuDuc monnaiebillet 60van 1ar85 (8544615381).jpg|75px]] |- | 2 mạch<br>(120 văn) || 準當二陌<br>(Chuẩn đang nhị mạch) || 1870 || 20.52 g. || None || |- | 3 mạch<br>(180 văn) || 準當三陌<br>(Chuẩn đang tam mạch) || 1870 || || None || |- | 8 mạch<br>(480 văn) || 準當八陌<br>(Chuẩn đang bát mạch) || 1870 || 35.4 g. || None || |- | 9 mạch<br>(540 văn) || 準當九陌<br>(Chuẩn đang cửu mạch) || 1870 || 28.03 g. || None || |- | 1 quán || 準當一貫<br>(Chuẩn đang nhất quán) || 1870 || 32.96 g. || None || |} == See also == * [[Tenpō Tsūhō]] * [[Khải Định Thông Bảo]] * [[Bảo Đại Thông Bảo]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Nguyễn dynasty coins}} [[:Category:Currencies of Vietnam]] [[:Category:Modern obsolete currencies]] [[:Category:Economic history of Vietnam]] .